You had Obama make those comments about

the subject of aliens.

>> They're real, but I haven't seen them

and they're not being kept in Area 51

unless they hid it from the president of

the United States.

>> I think he was joking when he said there

are aliens. He's just never

>> No, no, no, no, no, no, no. Obama is

scientifically literate. But if you have

the aliens and you don't want the

president to know, the president's not

going to know.

>> So, do you believe there's intelligent

life in the universe?

>> Well, we have whistleblowers saying we

have actual aliens. People have

testified we have aliens, that we have

alien crash parts. So, I don't see why

they wouldn't be given the size of the

universe. and Neil Degrass Tyson. What

is [clears throat] the most pressing

question that people are asking right

now about the universe? And the first

thing I wanted to ask is why are people

so interested in going to the moon is

geopolitical. China says they're going

to the moon 50 years after we go to the

moon and we all of a sudden decide we

want to go to the moon.

>> Is there an economic upside to it?

>> No. Talking about data centers.

>> No. No. I already answered you. I said

we don't want them to go to the moon

without us going to the moon.

>> And there's no laws up there, is there?

>> Space law is a is a wild west at this

point. It's like who owns the moon?

>> Nobody. Well, they're trying to figure

that out. But don't delude yourself into

thinking we ever went to the moon for

science then or now.

>> Okay. Next. Do you believe that we're in

a simulation?

>> I'm whiny about that. And I'll tell you

why.

>> And then can you [music] explain what a

black hole is? Like if you get sucked

in.

>> Okay. So, you will see the entire future

history of the universe unfold. And then

the difference in gravity between your

feet and your head gets greater and

greater and greater. Eventually, you'll

snap into two pieces, likely separated

at the base of your spine.

And that's not even the worst part, and

we'll get to that.

>> And then just how small are we? Is there

a most compelling UFO sighting that you

can recall? Has your view of religion

changed through all that you've learned

about the universe? And what is the

point of life?

>> Wow, you have a good question. So, let's

get into this.

>> This is super interesting to me. My team

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[music]

>> Grass Tyson,

>> people come to you to try and understand

the universe.

>> Yes.

>> What is the most pressing question

people are asking you right now about

the universe? Are we alone in the

universe? And that's influenced by pop

culture is I'll give an example. When

the movie Ghost came out, polls showed

that more people believed in ghosts

after that movie than before the movie.

So pop culture has a huge is a huge

force of influence on our thoughts and

feelings and attitudes and what we

believe is or is not true. So when you

say what is the most pressing question?

Are we alone in the universe? Then they

say, "Have we been visited?" And uh,

"How will it all end?" That's another

one. Usually God shows up in there. Is

there God?

>> Uh, there's an assumption, I think it's

a naive assumption, but an interesting

one nonetheless, that people who study

the universe might stumble upon God

because we're told, or at least in our

artwork, uh, gods live in the sky. So,

people then study the sky. When the

Apollo astronauts came back, people

said, "Did you see God? Did you see

heaven? What is the essence of why

people are so curious about these

subjects?

>> My best speculation and this is a wild

speculation and I you know my ego is not

based on whether this is true

>> but it's fascinating for me to think

about the fact

>> we are completely comfortable sleeping

on our backs.

Ask yourself how many other animals do

that

>> at all. Does a beetle say I'm going to

turn over and go on my back and go do

spiders just go on their back? Think

about it. That's quite vulnerable.

You're asleep and your belly is exposed,

right? We sleep at night

typically. Okay. If you're outdoors, us

sleep on your back at night and you wake

up, what's the first thing you see? The

universe,

the sky. You'll see, you know, comets

and meteors and the moon and and

brighter stars which we call planets

eventually. And from night to night,

wait a minute, the moon had one shape

and now it's a different shape and it's

a different part of the sky. And these

lights are moving. And how could we not

be curious

when in the middle of the night you wake

up and the universe presents itself to

you?

So

I think that's sort of in our DNA,

the curiosity

about the night sky. I didn't make

people interested in the universe. In

fact, when I was a kid, my first

encounter with the night sky was a

planetarium, the Hayden [clears throat]

Planetarium here in New York City. I

said, "Wow, I want to study the

universe, but the universe is so

interesting. Everybody's going to want

to study the universe. There'll be no

room for me." And as I as I got older, I

realized there are other things people

are interested in. Not everybody

wants to study the universe

professionally.

However, whatever you choose as a

profession, it doesn't change the fact

that somewhere in you, you're going to

look up and say, "What does that replace

in the universe?" I thought you were

going to say when you talked about

sleeping on their backs that we are now

so comfortable being the sort of apex

predator that we're able to sleep on our

backs and actually if but we we want

we're so interested in aliens because

it's the only thing that would threaten

our place is being able to sleep on our

backs as the apex predator.

>> Oh yeah. I'm I don't know that ancient

people were dreaming up aliens.

[laughter]

>> It's just just the night sky itself.

Well, okay. Uh let's not use the term

alien. Let's just use the term gods.

>> Where are most people's gods? They're in

the sky.

>> Yeah.

>> Uh even in ancient Greece, they're Mount

Olympus. Not in the sky, but they're in

high places. You look at posters with

religious sayings on them.

Typically, it's a

sunbeams coming through clouds and a

beautiful landscape. You're looking at

the sky. And by the way, what are our

images of deity? Many of them could pass

for aliens.

>> Like the [clears throat] gorg guns, for

example. Look at look at Medusa. Snakes

for hair. Medusa. That's as alien as

anything you would ever conjure. What

else? Images of Jesus. He's floating.

He's got beams coming out of him. If

he's not floating, he's walking on

water. These are these are things that

go beyond anything that's earthly. So

now

people imagine aliens with all these

same powers and weirdnesses. So I don't

know that alien is something specific

that's in our DNA to think about but to

imagine things beyond ourselves

>> is and and so I would lump them together

in that respect.

>> One of the things that made me I guess

more curious about aliens and meaning

and purpose and gods and all these

things was watching Cosmos which was

your series around the universe and

specifically it was

>> and Carl Sean did it first my series.

>> Well I watched both

>> a series I happen to host. Yes. Okay.

They both they both had the same impact

on me which was

>> they made me feel insignificant in the

grand scheme of the cosmos.

>> I think when you realize how

insignificant we are or small we are

should I say in this grand scheme of

even this Milky Way galaxy that's on the

table in front of us

>> the delta in the size of me and my world

versus all of this is mystery. And I and

I almost feel called to fill it with

something. There's is it Parkinson's law

you like you you you fill the space

provided.

It's it's the same thing with the

universe. Just how small are we Neil in

the grand scheme of the universe?

>> Well, if you don't think in terms of

metric size, how big are you? Are you

this big? This big? This big? If you

think in terms of powers of 10.

>> Okay.

>> Okay. So, the things 10 times bigger

than us, 10 times bigger than that, 10

times bigger than that. Just keep doing

that. Mhm.

>> We're small compared with the universe,

>> but we're huge compared with atoms

>> and molecules.

>> Now, instead of going 10 times bigger,

go 10 times smaller. One/10enth to be

precise. What's onetenth our size? Well,

that's this big. One/10enth that is that

big. 1/10enth that. You keep going down,

you enter the realm of molecules and

that atoms and then particles. So, there

are things much smaller than we are. In

fact, I addressed some of that in I I

wrote an alien book recently, Take Me to

Your Leader. There's a lot in there

about changing your perspective

on what you might expect life forms to

be like out there. So, you can ask the

question, are the life forms the size of

a galaxy? Or are the life forms the size

of atoms? Are we just biased by what our

senses can

>> drink in from our own size scale? And

that's an interesting fact. And so you

know who would feel small if you were a

life form the size of molecules. Okay.

[laughter]

Then you're feeling small. There's not

much smaller than you if you're

molecularized life. Now we don't know

how you would make that because life by

our own understandings and definitions

has a metabolism. There's things that

happen. You ask a biologist what is

life? They'll give you a list of

criteria which are hard if not

impossible to be fulfilled by life

that's extremely small. And they still

debate whether viruses are alive, right?

Based on some criteria, but some had

speculated that life could be the size

of nucleons. So a nucleon is the size of

the particles in the nucleus of an atom.

>> Things happen very quickly on that

scale. So they might wonder, how is it

that we live so slowly? [laughter]

>> So, so inverting your expectations is a

time-honored exercise and keeping you

honest, keeping your ego in check.

>> You can go the other way, right? We this

whole universe could be something in a

another life form's gut microbiome.

>> Yeah. Okay. So, that was briefly

addressed in the in the film um Men in

Black. Okay. Uh what I can say is

the laws of physics manifest differently

on different scales. So you can't just

scale everything up.

Which is why you don't have humansized

insects.

Their legs would break under their own

weight. It's why heavy animals have

thick chunky legs.

>> It's why if you fell off the roof,

you're dead. But an ant can just land

and keep walking. Okay. Forces don't

interact in the same way depending on

your scale. One of my favorite scenes in

the film A Bug's Life, which I think

that was a Pixar film. Pixar, they must

have a room full of scientists working

for him. There's a mosquito at a bar.

So, mosquito orders a drink. So, what

drink does he order?

>> Uh, a mjito. I don't know.

>> [laughter]

>> a Bloody Mary, of course it's

okay. Uh, how big is a mosquito? It's

this big. And it's a bar. It's like an

insect bar. And so the bartender brings

over the Bloody Mary and just puts a

blob of the liquid in front of it. It's

not in a glass, not in a jug. It's just

there it is. Because surface tension

is something that manifests in ways that

insects care about greatly and we don't.

Unless you're waxing your car and then

this water gets on and it beads up.

>> Okay. Surface tension is a property of

fluid liquids where the outer surface

the molecules are a little more tightly

gathered because they don't have forces

above them to pull them into the

solution that is the liquid. So

transitioning from the liquid itself

into air creates a kind of a film. All

right? And it holds the liquid in place.

Mhm.

>> Unless there's too much liquid, then

gravity becomes stronger than the

surface tension

>> and it just flies. Exactly. But below a

certain amount, the surface tension is

greater than the gravity

>> and it beads up. So they knew this in

that movie

>> and I thought that was brilliant. My

only point of this is to communicate

that you can't just scale things up and

expect everything to be happening in

exactly the same way. But I want to get

back to your point when you said you

felt small after you saw Cosmos. You

only felt small because you went in

there with an ego that was unjustifiably

too large to begin with.

>> Probably.

>> I'm accusing you of that.

>> Probably.

>> Yeah.

>> However,

I go in there with no such ego. Okay. I

look up at the stars and I learn from

modern astrophysics that

the elements in our body were forged in

stars

that exploded that the elements the the

the oxygen the carbon the nitrogen the

the iron that courses through our blood

was forged in stars that at the end of

their lives exploded scattering that

enrichment into the galaxy out of which

the next generations of stars and

planets are formed.

Early in the universe, we didn't have

these ingredients. We could not exist as

in our current form.

So when I look up, I don't feel small. I

feel large because I'm

connected to the cosmos

chemically.

And that connectivity, let's let's make

it a little more poetic.

Not only are we alive in this universe,

the universe is alive within us.

And that fact borders on the spiritual.

It is a astrophysical fact

that gives you a pathway of relevance to

the universe. We are part of this great

unfolding cosmic story. The fact that we

are made of elements forged in the

stars.

Next time you go out and look up, I want

you to feel large, not small.

Because we are not only made of what

stars have produced.

We are solar powered.

What do I mean by that? Okay, if you're

if you're omnivorous, you maybe had a

steak last night. Okay, that you're

getting calories from the food you eat.

And the steak was once a cow. Okay, what

did the cow eat? Cow ate plants. What do

plants eat? Well, they don't eat. They

just sit there and receive sunlight.

So, a cow, I said this once on the

internet and freaked people out. Uh, you

know, I I should not shy away from

speaking truth just cuz it freaks you

out. A cow is a machine that we invented

because cows don't exist in the wild.

It's we it's domesticated.

A cow is a machine that we invented to

turn grass into steak.

So because at the end of that chain is

grass that has photosynthesis

essentially 100% of our caloric value

comes is traceable to the to stars

specifically the sun.

So you are solar powered and the

universe is alive within you. So don't

ever sit across from me again and say I

feel small in the universe. [laughter]

Sorry, you have a a lower pitch voice in

that smaller universe. [laughter]

>> It's strange, isn't it? This idea of

like significance as a concept like

trying to understand one's significance

and I think religion often gives us a

sense of significance.

>> Well, it does. Yes, of course. Hence it

its value to people and its persistence

[clears throat]

>> uh throughout time and across cultures.

Has your view of religion not changed

through all that you've learned about

the universe in any way since you were

this I've got this photos of you as a

young man.

>> What's that? Oh, you did some homework

there. What did you do?

>> I've got certainly got so many photos. I

mean, I've got this one here of you and

your I mean this one's a fascinating I

love that one. That

>> my hair was like this when I was that

age.

>> Oh.

>> So,

>> uh Oh, yeah. So, this one was my first

telescope and that's my father helping

me put it together. If I think about

this young man here and what he thought

about religion,

>> are you more religious, less religious?

If so, why?

>> So, you know, by the time I was eight,

it was nothing was making sense that

people were telling me about religion.

What I didn't know is that belief

systems

don't have to make sense. That's why

they're belief systems. If they were

made complete sense, it would just be

objectively true. If it's a belief

system, then it it's beyond

critical analysis. It's just a belief

system. Okay? So when I say beyond

critical analysis, what I mean is if

something in your belief system lends

itself to be tested, we can test it. And

if what we test shows that what you

believe is false, are you going to stop

believing? Generally not, because it's a

belief system. Okay? Most people want to

engage you ultimately with some kind of

spiritual religious conversation. I have

found especially given my access to the

universe. And in the early days there

were easy answers. It was like this is

this is religion you know go ahead I'm

doing science here. Then I thought I owe

people who are religious a more informed

and nuanced engagement

because of the power and force that

religion has exercised on the history of

the world. It's not just cultural, it's

political, it's economic, it's so I

started reading religious tracts and now

when I'm engaged in a conversation, I

have a full-up conversation with people

on their beliefs, whatever intersection,

if any, with the objective universe and

what those beliefs do for the person who

holds them.

And there are many places on the

internet that claim me as an atheist.

And it's like I've never embraced that

title.

>> So you're not an atheist.

>> The only I am is a scientist. Okay.

Let's start there. Now titles are lazy.

I'll tell you why. Once you hand a title

to someone, that gives you license to

not have to think anymore about who and

what that person is regarding that

subject. And that has never ended well

in my experience. So first, it's odd

that such a word as atheist exists at

all. Think about it. It's a word that

says what you're not.

Is there a word for non-golfers?

Is is there a word for non h ask

yourself how many things do we have

words for for which are not? Very few.

And so this exercise of saying you're

either with us or you're against us. And

if you're against us, I have this word

for you that says you're not this, like

I said, that never ends well. It ends in

war and bloodshed. Typically leading

atheists today

who write books on this. Okay? Richard

Dawkins is among them. Uh he wrote a

book called The God Delusion. That's

fighting words if there ever was one.

These are people who reject God, reject

its influence on politics and society

and lives and and would just assume see

a world without it. I'm not that guy.

I have behavior

that would be rejected by any modern

atheist thinker. So what am I that we

pick? The next word would be agnostic.

Okay.

>> Okay. So let's pick that next word which

I also relate to. I would consider

myself to be agnostic as well.

>> Agnostic. Um, sure. I I kind of I just

don't know. What's your leading view of

where all of this stuff came from?

>> It's consistent with observations and

experiment. The Big Bang.

>> The Big Bang.

>> Oh, it is so thoroughly supported. As

fantastical as it is.

>> Explain the Big Bang to me like I'm 15.

>> I'll explain to you like you're 12.

>> Okay, please. Even better. [laughter]

>> So, approximately 13.8 8 billion years

ago, everything that you see and

interact with in this universe

began

in

an infinite decimal point. That is the

birth of the space and time of our

universe. We have been expanding ever

since. Now, how does something that big

ever become that small? Well, it's not

matter trying to occupy the same space

as itself. energy can be essentially any

size compacted and then you can measure

what's there by what the temperature is

and so it's very hot fireball basically

and as it expands it cools and the

cooling energy makes matter it's equals

mc^ squ energy on one side mass on the

other side this c^² is just the speed of

light just a constant but Einstein came

up with this in 1905 and it made so much

of the universe make sense at at that

point and so uh and it would take a

while we expand the we cool enough to

make stars and galaxies and we're still

expanding to this day. There are

mysterious forces operating that we

don't yet understand what we call dark

energy

that's a pressure in the vacuum of space

making us expand faster than what would

be allowed by the collective gravity of

all the galaxies.

That's a frontier question that is not

yet resolved. Then there's sources of

gravity that we don't know what's

causing it. We call that dark matter.

If you add up dark matter and dark

energy, it's 95%

of what's driving the universe. So

everything you and I know and love about

the biology, chemistry, physics,

astrophysics, forces, food, calories,

molecules, solids, liquids, gas, it's 5%

of what's going on in the universe.

That's amazing.

And this is why when I began, I said to

you, sometimes I wonder whether we are

smart enough to figure out the entirety

of the universe. or do we just figure

out our little our little fraction of it

and and live happily ever after within

it? Now that scenario, you have full

rights to ask what was around before

that. So ask me that.

>> What was around before the

>> We have no idea. [laughter]

>> We have suspicions there might have been

a multiverse which has come out of

latter-day mathematics related to

quantum physics and Einstein's

relativity. What comes out of those

equations is a multiverse.

>> What's a multiverse?

>> Just it's it's this medium that is

pumping out universes. We are just one

of them.

>> What caused the multiverse?

>> We don't know.

>> Eventually,

>> it's it's a frontier. There's no crime

in asking the question at the frontier

of our knowledge. There are people who

have to have answers. They don't make

good scientists. The urge to have an

answer can be influenced by their bias,

by their culture, by their just take a

look at all around the world. The origin

stories, the origin stories flow out of

the cultures from which they emanated.

What are your untested, unverified,

untestable ideas about where all of this

universe stuff might have gone? Cuz I

know you must sit at home sometimes and

just mull. You do a lot of mulling about

the origins of the the big bang and

those things.

>> Well, we all do. I just So when you when

you confront the unknown,

you write the recipe for more data.

>> That's all it is.

>> And what are those recipes that you've

written?

>> We need a telescope. We have telescope.

I haven't written I mean my field has

written them. We have telescopes

specifically designed right now to get a

better understanding of dark energy and

its manifestation throughout time in the

history of the universe. Explain dark

energy to me.

>> No, it's just it's a it's something in

the vacuum of space that's making the

universe accelerate in its expansion.

>> Okay.

>> From that original explosion, we have

all the galaxies, all the matter, all

the gravity.

You expect the expansion to be slowing

down at some rate based on the gravity.

>> Oh, but it's speeding up.

>> It's like tossing something in the air.

Gravity of Earth slows it down and

actually makes it reverse. So, we expect

that. We went to make that measurement

and we got the opposite answer. The

universe is accelerating. That won a

Nobel Prize. 1998 Nobel Prize. It's a

term in Einstein's equation that he

rejected. There can't be a negative

gravity. What the its value in his

equation must equal zero. And so let's

move on. Then we discover it. We we come

up with a term for it. I think it's a

bad term. Bad because it's it leaves the

witness. We don't know what it is at

all.

So, don't call it dark and don't call it

energy. Call it Fred. Okay. Something.

[laughter]

And dark matter. We don't know what that

is either. Okay. Let's call that Wilma.

We got Fred and Wilma. We don't know

what it is.

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Thank you so much.

>> So, the key question I think that people

are talking about at this moment in

time, because you had Obama make those

comments in that interview saying that

he he was joking I think he was joking

when he said there are aliens he's just

never seen.

>> No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. First of

A, Obama is scientifically literate.

It's a B. He said because he's

scientifically literate, he said, "What

is scientifically defensible that

they're probably aliens in the universe?

Anyone who studied that problem will

arrive at that conclusion.

>> They're real, but I haven't seen them."

And and and uh they're not being kept in

uh what is it?

>> Area 51.

>> Area 51. uh there there's no underground

uh facility unless there's this enormous

conspiracy and they they hid it from the

president of the United States. That's

what he said. But as former president of

the United States and we have sort of

alien adjacent culture, it was oh that

must mean there are aliens in the

basement of the White House or somewhere

in in in government custody.

They took his statement that sure there

are aliens out there and turned it on to

the US government and when I heard his

comments that that's exactly what any

scientifically literate person would say

what people did with that information he

he then had to come back and explain. I

didn't even think that was necessary but

apparently it was.

>> And then Trump responded

>> Trump responded okay

>> on Air Force One in an interview and

said

>> well he gave classified information.

He's not supposed to be doing that, you

know.

>> No, aliens are real.

>> Well, I don't know if they're real or

not. I can tell you he gave classified

information. He's not supposed to be

doing that. He made He made a big

mistake. He took it out of classified

information.

>> Trump seemed to stoke

the idea that there is aliens. And then

from that, shortly after, we had the UFO

files announcement.

>> Sure, great. Bring them out. I love it.

>> They were going to release the UFO

files. And now we find ourselves at a

place where the general public is again

really really curious about the subject

of aliens. And you see it on the Google

trend data which I've got in front of me

here. You see the up, the down, the up,

the down based on what people are

talking about. So my question to you is

about is this central question which is

do you believe there's intelligent life

in the universe?

>> So that one of those peaks in May in

part was because there were files

released that week by the Pentagon and

dare I suggest my book was released in

May on May 12th.

>> Good timing. Uh yeah, it just turned out

that way. I decided to jump into the

ring, not jump in, put a foot into the

ring, more accurately, when I saw these

these highranking whistleblowers come

forward in in Congress, sworn

testimonies,

uh whistleblowers, former intelligence

officers, former uh military folk.

And I said, "All right, I have to it's

time to jump in because no longer can

you discount the testimony the way you

might have done so before with the

farmer in the back 40,

you know, who saw something and is

talking about it but didn't take a

picture of it. All right. all these

testimonies that have existed in the

past and accounts of UFOs. Now, when

official government people are doing it,

then all right, it's time to take it up

a notch. And what is it? What do I mean

by that?

Bring out the alien. If you're saying

you got an alien in the shed in the back

40, just bring it out. And the moment

you do that, no one will ever have to

ask again,

do you believe in aliens?

That's the question I've been asked. Do

I believe in alien? No one has ever

asked me, do I believe in elephants?

Why? Because we've shown elephants.

Okay, we have elephants.

We've seen elephants. So,

>> but do you think there's intelligent

life in the universe? I don't see why

they wouldn't be given the size of the

universe and the age in the universe and

the ingredients of the universe. I mean,

think about it. The early Earth,

life got underway within a 100 million

years of as early as it possibly could

have.

That sounds like a long time, and it is,

but

that's small compared with the timeline

of Earth itself, of life on Earth. It's

like 5% of the timeline of the Earth.

Almost as fast as it could possibly

happen, the basic ingredients on Earth,

which matched the basic ingredients of

the universe, went from organic

molecules to self-replicating life.

Whatever our challenges in the lab,

Earth didn't seem to have a problem

accomplishing it. And so, look at how

quickly that happened. Yes, it would

take a long time, much longer to

generate what we're calling intelligent

life. But given how many planets are

likely in the galaxy, our cataloges now

have 6,000 exoplanets in them. And

that's just in a tiny little area.

That'd be in a little cir that'd be in a

little, you know, if if the sun is here,

draw a little circle around it where

we've searched for exoplanets and we

have 6,000 just in that little

>> What's an exoplanet?

>> Exoplanet planet orbiting another star.

Oh, there's 6,000 in a little.

>> Uh, we've cataloged 6,000. Uh, in in

1995, what year were you born?

>> 92.

>> 92. So, you were 3 years old when we

discovered our first exoplanet.

>> Really?

>> Wow.

>> And now we're we're rising through

6,000. It was bad headlines back then,

not today. But if life

happened on Earth as swiftly as it did,

no one of among us who have studied the

problem are given reason to doubt that

it couldn't happen frequently elsewhere

in our galaxy or in the trillion other

galaxies in the universe.

>> This is just the Milky Way galaxy.

>> This is a version. Yeah, we This is if

you could step out of our Milky Way, it

would resemble this greatly. And

>> this is one galaxy, right? one galaxy

containing hundreds of billions of

stars. This cloudy thing, you cannot

resolve the cloud into the individual

stars. Galileo did this. He said, "I

wonder what that Milky Way is. Is that

just a cloud?" Took his telescope, put

it on the Milky Way. He saw individual

stars.

>> And how many galaxies are there in the

universe?

>> 100 billion stars in a galaxy. At least

100 billion galaxies in the universe.

>> Is the answer that we just don't know

how many there are?

>> Let's quantify what it is to not know.

in the universe.

Uh things range over such a huge scale

that if you're off by a factor of two,

which sounds significant in most

everyday life, but if things range over

factors of trillions,

then if you can get an answer within a

factor of two, you're doing really well.

You have a basic understanding of

structure, space, and time. And so

our galaxy has several hundred billion

stars in it. No, we don't have an exact

count, but that's a very good estimate

because we know the total mass of the

galaxy and we know how much mass a star

occupies. We know how much dark matter

there is. So we can calculate the likely

number of stars there are in the galaxy.

>> Planets. So now given our data on

planets that we've obtained, we have

many star systems with multiple planets

and that's just in our neighborhood. So

if that's representative, then you just

scale that up. So if you looked in that

little zone everywhere and just up the

number, you end up with millions of

planets, possibly billions across the

galaxy.

That's how you would estimate that. So

it's not knowing the exact answer is not

the same thing as having no clue.

>> And there might be hundreds of billions

of galaxies.

>> Yes. Yes. Not just might be. There's at

least that many in the observable

universe.

>> In the observable,

>> the actual universe goes beyond our

horizon. In the same way for a ship at

sea, you have a horizon.

>> Mhm.

>> Are you saying to yourself, "Oh, that's

the edge of the earth or that's the edge

of the ocean." No. You keep sailing and

more ocean comes in view. Is it

infinite?

>> It might be. We don't know.

>> You're asking all good questions and

you're going right to the edge of what

we don't know.

>> Is it possible for something to be

infinite?

>> I'm not going to put a prerequisite on

the universe that is not.

Just because infinity is kind of hard

for the human brain to wrap your head

around, doesn't mean the universe can't

or shouldn't be it.

We've made assumptions about the

universe just to be consistent with our

own philosophies that just turn out to

be flat wrong. Capernicus, a religious

man, comes up with an idea that maybe

the sun is in the center of the known

universe and not Earth. So we go from

geocentric to heliocentric.

All right. Well, if you do that, then we

don't have epicycles.

All right? Then we just have orbits,

simple orbits around the sun. Well, he

did that. You know, it didn't match the

observations as well as the epicycles

did. So, do you throw out the whole

idea? No. We would learn later, 50 years

later.

The orbits are not perfect circles. He

made them perfect circles because it's

the universe. God created the universe.

God is perfect. The circle is a perfect

geometric shape. Clearly, anything

moving in the universe is going to be in

a perfect circle. That was an assumption

placed on the universe derived from our

own philosophical proclivities in that

case a religiously philosophical

proclivity.

>> So given this exercise this failed

exercise in the history of science of

which there are many examples one can

give I will not say that the universe

can't be infinite.

>> What's in the middle of the galaxy

because it looks like a a light

>> there's a black hole. Well, this in this

picture, the density of stars is way

higher in the middle of the galaxy than

out here.

>> Why?

>> We're figuring that out. We think in the

formation scenario of the galaxy that

most of the mass is near the center and

it gets thinner as it comes out. And so,

we're going to have the most stars where

the most mass is that you start with.

So, it's not it's not a surprise that

the middles of these things have the

most stars because they have the most

mass. And in the exact middle in the

center is a super massive black hole

which we've measured to be there. In

fact, a Nobel Prize was given for that

measurement.

>> Can you explain what a black hole is

like on 12?

>> Oh yeah. You know it first you got to

respect black holes. Give them don't

ever diss a black hole cuz you will

lose. [laughter]

So we're here on Earth and

uh the old adage what goes up must come

down. You've heard that. I would learn

by the time I was nine that that's just

false. No, by the time I was 10 because

I was 10 years old cuz that's how old I

am. We walked on the moon and then we

left part, you know, rocket parts on the

moon.

>> Those are never coming back to Earth.

So, there are things that went up that

never came back.

>> Okay. All right.

Well, what started the adage though?

Well, if you take something and toss it,

it actually slows down, comes to a stop,

and then speeds up and comes down again.

It's captured by Earth's gravity. Turns

out there is a speed with which I can

throw this

so that it never comes back.

Let's get there. If I throw this a

little faster with more energy, it goes

higher before it comes back, right? How

about even faster? even faster gets

higher and higher and higher and higher

and higher. You can calculate using

physics and gravity equations there's a

speed with which this will go so high up

it'll reach infinity.

If it reaches infinity it's not coming

back. That's called the escape velocity

for Earth. How fast is that? It's really

fast. Really fast. Uh 7 miles per

second.

If I throw this at 7 miles, it'll reach

the edge of the universe and never come

back to Earth. Suppose Earth had more

gravity

than it currently does. Does it make

sense that that escape velocity would be

greater than 7 m/s?

>> Mhm.

>> If Earth's gravity were stronger, it

might be 10 miles per second, 100

miles/s.

Keep up this exercise, you'll reach a

point where your object has an escape

velocity that equals the speed of light.

The moment it achieves that, light

cannot escape.

It's not moving fast enough. And if

light can't get out,

it's black.

If you fall in,

you are never coming out because you

can't ever reach the speed of light.

There's no greater definition of a hole

than that.

Hence, black hole.

By the way, Einstein could have

predicted them, but he was it was too

weird for him to go there with with his

equations. We would learn about black

holes mathematically in the 1960s, make

our first discovery of one in the 1970s,

a famous uh source of X-ray energy

called Signis X1.

And and then now there's they're common

and we've even discovered them in the

centers of galaxies that have super like

a million times the mass of the sun.

Monstrous black holes dining on anything

that comes close.

>> Just things that come close.

>> Yeah. It's not going to reach out. So,

if the sun were to become a black hole

now,

it won't reach out and grab us and suck

us in.

>> It'll have the same gravity as a black

hole as it does as a as a star.

>> But it's if you go close.

>> Yeah. If you get Now, you can get really

close to it and then you're not coming

out.

>> Is there a certain distance? Wait.

>> It turns out there is there's a distance

around every black hole. I I think it's

called the ergosphere.

It's got a it's got a a name where there

are no stable orbits around it. If you

get closer than that, you you will fall

in no matter what. Whereas beyond it,

you can maintain a stable orbit and look

at black holes from a distance.

>> And where'd you go if you get sucked in?

>> Well, you crushed or you

>> Well, depends how big the black hole is.

>> Small black holes just That's all she

wrote. Okay.

>> This one.

>> Oh, that one you just you'll fall in.

And then where do I go? I'm just

collapsed.

>> Well, there are books. I have one on my

shelf and I've even read it. Uh it's a

graduate textbook that describes the

mathematics of space and time on the

other side of a black hole. And it shows

that a whole new spaceime opens up in

front of you.

>> What?

>> Inside the black hole, the whole

universe. The math shows that given the

general theory of relativity which gives

us black holes in the first place. If

you follow the math, you get a whole

spaceime that opens up inside the black

hole. And as you fall in,

your time changes. So time ticks more

slowly for you relative to the universe.

It's called time dilation. And so as you

look out in the universe, the universe

will unfold faster and faster and

faster. And you will see the entire

future history of the universe unfold

as you descend into the black hole.

>> When you say descend, because I I

thought of it as like, you know, if you

go close to black hole, you're going to

be crushed into a small mass.

>> Well, I didn't get to that part yet. I'm

describing what happens to space and

time as you descend through what's

called the event horizon. That's the

region out of which you don't escape.

That's the functional size we give to

black holes. How big is its event

horizon? you cross over within that

volume. That's where the escape velocity

is greater than the speed of light and

you're not coming out. So, it has taken

the fabric of space and time and folded

it back on itself. So, there's no

pathway you can take to get out of a

black hole. You're in there forever. And

for the small black holes, here's an

interesting fact. Uh you don't think

about this, but it's true. When you

stand, your feet are closer to Earth's

center than your head is.

>> Okay.

>> Mhm.

>> You can calculate what the force of

Earth's gravity is at your feet and the

force of Earth's gravity is at your

head. And there you'll get two different

numbers. They're very close to each

other. So, we don't think about this. It

doesn't matter to us. M

>> but as you descend a black hole

the difference in gravity between your

feet and your head gets greater and

greater and greater.

They're called tidal forces and they end

up stretching you head to toe

and initially it probably feels good,

right? You just sort of stretch and then

you realize, oh my gosh, this is

unrelenting and it's getting stronger.

Eventually you'll snap into two pieces

likely separated at the base of your

spine. If you sort of look at the

structural integrity of human physiology

and then you you're still falling and

now those same tidal forces will operate

on your torso and on your lower half.

They'll stretch and they'll snap into

two pieces. So go from one to two to

four to 8 to 16 and you'll bifurcate in

pieces all the way down to the center of

the black hole. The worst part is, well,

maybe equally as worse is you are

occupying a narrower and narrower volume

of spaceime as you go down to the

singularity

that is the center of the black hole.

So, not only you get stretched head to

toe, you're getting extruded

through the fabric of space like

toothpaste through a tube.

Have a nice day. [laughter]

>> So, yeah, you don't want to test that.

All of our equations tell us that's

what'll happen to you.

>> What's at the heart of the black hole?

You said you

>> we don't know. So, here's a problem.

General relativity that gives us the

black hole in the first place.

If you follow the equations, the center

of the black hole is infinitely dense

and infinitely small. How does that even

happen? We don't know. Maybe something

prevents that, but that is the limit of

Einstein's general theory of relativity.

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See you there.

So, aliens um in our galaxy. Is that

possible that there's intelligent life

in our galaxy?

>> I don't see I have no reason to doubt

it.

>> Really? You think it's on a balance of

probability? You think it's it's more

probable than not?

>> Oh, yeah. Just given the size, like I

said, given the age, the size, the

ingredients, the

uh how quickly life got underway. By the

way, when you say intelligent,

um,

there's intelligent life on Earth,

like do you know where we are in brain

size

>> relative to other animals? Yeah.

>> Uh, we're not the top.

>> Yeah, we're definitely not the top.

>> I have no idea.

>> Yeah, we're like fourth.

>> Okay.

>> There's the whale.

>> Mhm.

>> And then the dolphin

>> and then the or the porpus and then the

the elephant

>> and then us. So, if aliens came to Earth

and they knew that brains are important,

we'd be like fourth on their list for

who they want to talk to. Just chew on

that for a moment. Second, what we were

told in school was, "Oh, but if you take

the ratio of the size of your brain to

your body weight, we're at the top."

Well, that's our ego speaking there. We

We didn't have the biggest brain, but we

want to believe that we're smart. And so

we is there some math magic we can

perform on brain size to put us back at

the top of that list? Yes. Ratio the

size of your brain to the to the the

mass of your brain to the mass of your

body. Then we're at the top. However,

what they didn't say is that no, we're

not at the top of that list.

We're only at the top of that list among

mammals.

They're midsized birds like the magpie

and the parrots

where the ratio of their brain size to

their body weight is greater than that

of humans.

So look at the efforts we put in to just

distinguish ourselves from all these

other animals. And it's quite the

exercise in ego stoking.

You you want to think you're special in

the tree of life that there are birds

that fly and we can't fly. Nes can

regenerate their limbs and we can't do

that. And so badly do we want to

especially with with military veterans,

right?

>> Mhm.

>> Uh with missing limbs and things. You

want to regenerate that. We can't do nes

can do that. Crustaceians can do that.

We can't do that.

So,

might an alien consider whales to be

intelligent?

Probably.

But we add new extra elements to this.

Do you have technology?

The whale is not building telescopes,

but we are. The whale doesn't, you know,

have art, but we do. All right? So, we

are a thing. We have what we call

civilization. So if you want to ask are

there intelligent aliens that have

civilization

that's yet another layer of that

question is there intelligent life in

the universe then you can ask is there

intelligent life that has civilization

that has technology

because the Roman Empire they didn't

know anything about electricity or

computers or AI or anything and if

aliens were sending them radio signals

they're not sending radio signals back

so the oper Operational definition of

intelligence might include your ability

to communicate across space or your

ability to build a spaceship to move.

The Romans were not building spaceships.

So would they count as intelligence if

that was an alien species somewhere else

in the galaxy?

>> But is it plausible that there is

intelligent life in this universe that

hasn't got the capability of visiting

Earth?

>> Yeah, sure. Why not? Sure. That's

probably the standard.

>> How far can we have we gone? That's a

great question. The fastest spaceship

ever launched was the New Horizon's

mission to Pluto.

And one thing in space exploration,

there's an unwritten rule. However you

design the spacecraft,

make sure it gets to your destination

before you get old and die. Mhm.

[clears throat]

>> Okay.

>> So, this spacecraft that went to Pluto

was on the most powerful rockets

available and they made the payload as

light as possible so it could accelerate

and so it got to Pluto quickly. If you

instead took that and directed it to the

nearest star, the Alpha Century system

instead of going to Pluto at those

speeds direct the nearest star take you

50,000 years to get there.

>> 50,000 years. The nearest star

>> to Earth.

>> Yes. To the sun.

>> And how many stars did you say there was

again?

>> Well, 100 billion. Hundreds of billions.

>> And the nearest one took would take

50,000 years.

>> 50,000 years to reach.

>> Gosh.

>> Because space is empty. Right. So maybe

there are intelligent aliens out there,

but space travels too hard. So they

haven't come to visit us. This is one of

the uh hypotheses because if aliens are

everywhere, well then where are they?

I think they came to Earth and they saw

all of our debris orbiting the Earth.

There's a lot of space debris and they

said, "I'm not coming. [laughter] I'm

not going to risk my life." They just

passed us by looking for another planet.

>> I've wondered about this space debris

thing because it seems that every

nation,

>> it's worse than you think.

>> But what I was going to say is every

nation now seems to be racing to throw

tens of thousands of pieces of metal

satellites into our orbit. Is it a

problem?

>> Well,

>> there's no laws, is there?

>> No, you have you have to ask who is it a

problem for? Is it a problem? Yes. Who

is it a problem for? Not the people who

want high-speed internet in the middle

of the ocean or in the Arctic or in the

middle of the desert? Because these

satellites, the SpaceX Starlink

satellites are providing that in these

remote places of the world. So, it's not

a problem for them. It's a blessing.

It's a problem if you're just trying to

observe the night sky the way we've done

as astronomers since time in memorial

and I'm trying to get images of the

night sky and I see satellites crossing

back and forth. This amounts to visual

noise

in my data and if I'm trying to track an

asteroid that might be headed our way

and have thousands of other streaks of

light in my image, there's a chance I

might miss the asteroid.

Also,

uh, if there's some object of interest

and a satellite passes right in front of

it, that will contaminate the data that

I seek. I don't know if this is

reversible, but what it tells me is that

the future of telescopes are going to

have to be spacebor telescopes, which

they we've already made that transition,

and or

the moon telescopes on the moon.

They've launched five roughly 5,000

satellites, objects into orbit in 2025.

We're on track to launch even more than

that this year.

>> That's correct. We probably already

launched that by now. We're we're this

we're being recorded midyear 2026. I I

we're already high up there. I So

[clears throat]

So the last number I saw SpaceX had 10,5

10 satellites. There'll be 100,000

active satellites in orbit by 2040.

>> Probably more. This is the utility of

space, not only for reconnaissance, for

surveillance,

basically military security, but also

commerce. There is no Uber without GPS.

So, it's not the value of the satellites

themselves that matters here. It's the

value of the economy, the economies that

they enable.

And that's why we have a space force

now. A space force which had been

percolating for decades. Uh Trump in

Trump won decided let's make this

official. And so he did. So now we have

a space force. And people say does that

mean there's going to be like Star Wars

and everything? There already was a

space force. They didn't call it that.

It was called the Air Force Space

Command. It was a sector within the Air

Force. And so you pull that out. Now the

the mission is a little more pure about

what its goals are and what it needs to

accomplish.

>> Have you heard about Kesler syndrome?

>> Oh yeah, of course.

>> Could you explain Kesler syndrome?

>> Oh yeah. Uh so 1978

uh I don't remember he's a physicist or

a mathematician named Kesler who saw the

increase in satellite launches that had

been going on and he did a calculation

and he said hm

there must be some threshold of

satellites orbiting the earth where if

one of them gets destroyed by any means

maybe two collide with each other or one

intentionally taken out by a missile

which has been happened three times now.

Three or four times. Uh China's done it,

India's done it, Russia's done it, and

we've done it four times. We've done it

to our own satellites, which means what?

Think about it. If you can do it to your

own satellite,

you can do it to anybody else's

satellite. It's a demonstration of your

sovereignty in a way of your powers over

what you might perceive as an aggressor.

Anyhow, if you destroy a satellite,

let's say it breaks into 10 pieces

each going orbital speed. Orbital speed

is is 17,000

miles an hour. That's way faster than a

rifle bullet. So little pieces of

satellite can be far more devastating

than a high-powered rifle bullet shot

into another satellite. All right, so

these pieces scatter. If any one of them

hits another satellite, breaking it into

10 pieces,

you go from one to 10 to 100 to a

thousand.

Within just a few orbits,

100% of the satellites can be taken out.

if you have enough satellites for that

thresholding to take place. So in other

words, if space is most if low earth

orbit space is mostly empty and you

destroy a satellite, the particles are

not going to take out another satellite.

They they'll orbit harmlessly or fall to

earth harmlessly. But if you have

another satellite in that path,

then that destruction is going to take

out other satellites. So he warned us of

these thresholds. I don't think we're

there yet, but we need to keep it on our

radar. And the movie Gravity, it

portrays exactly that scenario.

>> Objects in orbit travel at blistering

speeds, 17,500 m per hour.

>> Correct. And at that speed,

>> that's 5 miles per second.

>> At that speed, even a fleck of paint

carries the destructive power of a

bullet,

>> a rifle bullet

>> or a exploding grenade.

>> Correct. Correct.

>> A a fleck of paint.

>> Yes.

Yes.

>> Okay, that makes sense. [clears throat]

So if if there's one collision and

there's lots of them up there, it's like

a shrapnel. Is that

>> correct?

>> Yeah. A shrapnel is the is the is the

best analog to that because it comes out

and it damages other things beyond the

target that was intended.

>> And there's no laws up there, is there?

>> Well, they're trying to, you know, space

law is a is a wild west at this point.

Forget orbit. It's like you go to the

moon. Who owns the moon? Who owns a plot

of land on Mars? Nobody.

>> Who? Well, they're trying to figure that

out. If I go to an asteroid and I want

to mine it for its minerals, who owns

those minerals?

>> So, they're trying to figure out who

owns the moon.

>> Well, owns anything in space. Anything

in space.

>> Isn't it just who gets there fast?

>> Yes. M. [laughter]

That's what I mean by the Wild West.

[snorts]

>> At the moment, it seems like there's a

race to go to the moon. A lot of

companies are interested in that. We've

got this Arteimus program happening. The

US seem interested. Why are people so

interested in going to the moon? And is

there merit in their motivations?

>> Well, we could have stayed in the moon

in 1972,

but we didn't. Could have gone in 1980,

but we didn't. 1990, we didn't. 2000?

No. 2010? No. Well, what happened in the

201s? Oh, I know what happened. We

learned that China wants to put

astronauts on the moon. Tyonauts they

call them. We then say, "Hey, wouldn't

it be good if we went back to the moon?

That's an interesting idea. Let's do

that." happened under the first Trump

administration. So the Artemis mission

gets birthed. Artemis,

do you remember who Artemis was in in

Greek mythology? Artemis is the twin

sister of Apollo.

That's good. That he's going to name a

program. That's good. Twin sister of

Apollo. So we say we're going to go back

to the moon.

My read of that landscape is that China

put a flame under our ass.

>> Mhm.

No different really from when Russia

first launched the satellite. Sputnik,

put a flame under our ass. Within a

year, we created NASA. By the way, it

may take just such a thing to bring

Congress together for a unified uh

project.

Do [snorts] you remember when we had the

testimonies in Congress of the

whistleblowers?

We had Republicans sitting right next to

Democrats asking questions about aliens.

And I So there's everyone paying

attention to the aliens. I I said, "Wow,

Republicans and Democrats are agreed on

some process in Washington." I thought

that was that was a beautiful fact.

>> So what what what are our motivations

now to go to the moon? Is there an

economic upside to it?

>> No, it's geopolitical. China says

they're going to the moon 50 years after

we go to the moon and we all of a sudden

decide we want to go to the moon. Let's

be real about that. And while that came

out under Trump, Biden comes in, we keep

the program. Biden could have said,

"This is a Trumpist thing. I don't want

to do, you know, he could have done that

and what would have anyone said?" But he

didn't because NASA has is a

geopolitically

responsive

organization.

>> So what if China get there first? Why

does that matter?

>> They're

geopolitical egos.

>> Just ego.

>> Yeah. I mean, did did you see the the

hearings in Congress with the head of

NASA when they're asking why did China

land on the far side of the moon? What

do they know that's there that we don't?

Okay, this is the competitive urges that

we have. And don't delude yourself into

thinking we ever went to the moon for

science

then or now.

>> What about resources? Is there resources

on the moon?

>> We're looking for them. NASA has an

entire branch of itself called insitu

resource utilization is SRU. You go

there. We think there's water at the

South Pole. So you go get the water.

Maybe if you get a 3D printer, you can

take, you know, the silicates from the M

from the moon's surface, dump it in on

top and make tools, whatever. That would

be interesting. Um there's a whole piece

of space exploration that concerns

itself with that because you can't take

everything with you. Is it cold on the

moon or hot?

>> It depends on if you're facing the sun

or not because we we say is it cold,

you're generally referring to the

temperature of the air around you.

That's what you mean. Oh, fix the

thermostat. Change the air temperature.

Where there is no air, your temperature

comes from any source of or absence of a

source of energy. So if you face the

sun,

>> this side of you will burn up and the

side of you on the other side will

freeze. So what we really need are

rotisseries [laughter]

or a highly insulated space suit.

>> Do you think in my lifetime we'll it's

three days away, isn't it? The moon.

>> Yeah. But so you can get there quicker,

but to the minimum energy to do so will

take you 3 days.

>> Don't you think that would be a great

tourist destination?

>> Of course. Completely.

>> Three days.

>> I I would save up multiple years of

vacation money to go to the moon. Yes.

>> Completely. If you can bring the price

of that down, make the moon our

backyard. So So what I I wanted to be

clear earlier when you say is there

economic reason to go to the moon? Not

initially until you set up bases and

hotels and restaurants and this sort of

thing. And if you have restaurants,

there'd be really weird food that they

would serve, right? Like in moon

gravity.

>> I travel all the time. So I made a rule

in my life that I'll only travel with a

cabin bag. The problem with this is

there's not much space. And here's the

solution. It is called an extra 1%

travel pack. And I teamed up with Exta

to make this. Typically, I can only

bring some of my black shirts. And it's

a trade-off of which black shirt should

I bring? How many of these do you think

I can get in here? So, let's try 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14. Let's try 15.

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Okay, so that's 24 black t-shirts.

Here's where the magic comes in. Zip it

up. Make sure it's nice and sealed. And

then you use this little contraption.

Stick it on there. I can now take more

than 20 black shirts with me, which will

last me 3 weeks. So, if you travel

frequently and you want to get one of

these so you can save more space and be

away for longer, go to extra.com and use

code DOAC for 10% off our collection.

the UFO files. I'm presuming you've seen

all the footage that's been released.

You've

>> most of it. There's there's a redundancy

after a certain point.

>> I mean, it's it's this kind of stuff

where they're showing objects flying

through space.

>> Typically, it's monochromatic and very

low resolution as this is. That's

correct.

>> Was any of it compelling to you?

>> No. It's something that we don't know

what it is.

It's Let's back up. Even UFO enthusiasts

of the most severe kind would agree that

most sightings of what we call UFOs have

natural explanations

>> that you just didn't know what you were

looking at and then you figure it out

later. Is it cloud formation? Is it

lightning? Is it twilight conditions?

Sure. But then there's some that no one

knows how to explain.

I I don't have a problem with that.

There's some that are sort of

interesting. I like the tic tac. Tic tac

is fun.

>> Oh, yeah. The tic tac.

>> The famous tic tac.

>> What's interesting about that?

>> Well, cuz I don't know what it is. I'm a

scientist.

We are attracted to things with that we

don't know or understand. Attracted to

them. It's cool. Yeah. That's There it

goes. Mhm. Yeah. And you can see it move

in one of the frames. And you can see it

a sort of gimbal in one of the frames.

So, let's see. It's coming up in just a

second.

That's And of course, it's combined with

the statements of the pilots, how

shocked they are and how surprised.

There it is. That's kind of fun. It

looks like one of the alien spacecraft

that Steven Spielberg showed in Close

Encounters of the Third Kind, but that's

not what intrigues me. What intrigues me

is we have whistleblowers saying we have

actual aliens.

So, I'm Give Give me the actual alien.

Do you think if we did we would tell the

public?

>> Uh, we people have testified we have

aliens, that we have alien crash parts,

that we have reverse engineered alien

technology, that we have no end of

movies portraying aliens. Uh, and

somebody say, "Oh, we're not ready to

see an actual alien." Of course, we're

ready. Hollywood has prepped us for

decades for this day. I think it'll be

charming. What would surprise me most

is if the alien were humanoid.

>> Most Hollywood renderings of human of of

aliens are humanoid with a head, two

eyes and nose, mouth, ears. Oh. Oh,

they're bald. Okay. Or they have pointy

ears. Or they've got but they're still

walking and they still got elbows and

fingers and knees and like this.

>> And

>> I mean, we've got ones like this as

well.

>> Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. So, we've got

there's a good ET. This looks like the

xenomorph. And this one looks like

predator. Okay. So, notice uh they all

have eyes. There's a mouth. There's a,

you know, teeth cuz teeth are scary. And

this is humanoid.

>> These are humanoid. This is a little

more reptilian.

I would say it's definitely vertebrate,

but has a tail. So, these these are

humanoid characters. I would be most

surprised if the alien was humanoid.

What would you expect that them to be

based in the atmosphere of the universe?

>> I would expect it to not be humanoid.

Most life on Earth is not humanoid. And

we have DNA in common with all life on

Earth. And most life is not human. Oak

trees, worms, uh lobsters, none of those

life forms are humanoid. And so here we

are. We have, you know, oh, by the way,

the the xenomorph is not building

spaceships. So if this comes to Earth,

it's because we brought it here, not

because it flew. Okay.

uh based on its conduct. It looks like

he's just want to be parasitic. Uh ET

has fingers and you know it looks like

ET can build a space spaceship. And this

is just a hunting hunting mission with

the alien. Notice that its eyes are even

the same separation of our eyes. And not

so this is there's an actor in this

costume and the actor is human. That's

really what this comes down to. Yeah,

that's good photos you got here.

Oh, he so in the book I stumbled on I

didn't come up with these. I stumbled on

the fact that people who care about

sightings, uh, alien, not UFO sightings,

alien sightings, people who have said

they've seen aliens. By the way, like I

said, that whole exercise

didn't reach the fever pitch until you

had whistleblowers saying they've met

aliens under oath in Congress and not

the drunkards coming out of the bar at

2:00 a.m. Okay. So they divide into

archetypes. So little green men that's,

you know, we had a lot of those back in

the 50s and 60s. And

uh, of course, the fact that we would

even use the adjective men meant they're

humanoid. Okay, little green men. So

that's one variety.

Another one, what do we have here? Uh,

this one is much more common today, the

grays.

Okay, the gray alien. color. These also

tend to be bald. So these are the two

most common. And then there are others.

Arcturans, they're from the star

Arcturius. Uh Liens from the

constellation LRA, the harp in the sky.

>> We'll put these on the screen for

anybody.

>> Sirius is uh aliens from the star

system.

So yeah, in my book there's a dozen of

them. Oh, the tall whites. Oh,

insecttoids. This is a good one. I love

this one because

we hate insects. Not I can't speak for

everyone. Insects are ugly to most

humans, right? So if you have a creature

that resembles an insect, you don't want

to become friends with it.

>> If you listen to people that have done

DMT,

um they often

>> DMT. Yeah.

>> They often site seeing or meeting these

types of

>> Yeah. And

the commonality of that is intriguing

rather than jump to a conclusion that

they're all having some common

interdimensional experience. It's easier

for me to think that they all have human

brains and the chemical is exciting the

same part of each one of their brains

and thereby sharing in some experience

that and plus people I don't know if

they've done this across cultures

the English- speakaking cultures have

reported many more alien sightings than

other cultures

vastly more sightings which is a little

weird so either aliens just like

visiting English speaking countries or

we just know better how to report what

we see which is probably what it is but

you go to other countries they don't

have this alien fixation.

>> Have you ever done psychedelics?

[clears throat]

>> Never.

>> Are you curious about it?

>> Not really.

>> Because

the human brain

barely works as it is.

>> Barely.

Just open up any any book of optical

illusions. Turn to any page. Oh, is it

bigger? Is it smaller? Is the line in

the page, out of the page? I can't

figure it out. Simple drawings

confound your perceptions of reality.

>> But doesn't that mean reality is

fragile?

>> Yes. And so if I want to now stir

chemicals into my brain as a scientist

who values what is objectively true