Hello everyone. Having a good conference

so far?

>> Are you having a good conference so far?

>> Good. Wonderful.

I have a message for you that I hope

will be um a comforting message for

folks who believe that uh their skill

set is no longer worth anything in this

new age, which is I believe that

software fundamentals matter now more

than they actually ever have.

And

I'm a teacher and I've been recently

teaching a course called Claude Code for

real engineers. Nice and provocative.

And in the process of kind of working on

this course, I had to come up with a

curriculum about AI coding, which is a

bit of a nightmare because things are

changing all the time, right? AI is a

whole new paradigm. We need to chuck out

all of the old rules surely so that we

can bring in the new stuff.

And there's a kind of movement that has

come up around this, which is the specs

to code movement. And the specs to code

movement says that okay you can write a

specification about how an application

is supposed to work then you can use AI

to turn it into code. If there's a

problem with the application you then go

back to the spec. You don't really look

at the code. You just change the spec.

You run the compiler again and you end

up with more code. Raise your hand if

you've heard of that. Keep your hand

raised if you've tried it. Okay. I've

tried it too. You can put your hands

down.

And what I noticed was I would run it

and I would try not to look at the code

but I would look at the code and I

realized I would get code out first of

all and then I would run it I would get

worse code and then I did it again I got

even worse code and I got it again I

kept running the compiler kept running

the compiler and I would just end up

with garbage.

You know raise your hand if that's

happened to you. Yes. I don't think this

works. the idea that we can just ignore

the code and just have the code let it

manage itself is just sort of v coding

by another name

and I didn't believe that back then I

thought okay how do I fix the compiler

how do I make it so that it doesn't

produce bad code each time or worse code

and so I thought okay I need to explain

to the LLM in English what a good

codebase looks like let me dig out one

of my old favorite books which is a

philosophy of software design by John

ouster go on Amazon get it. Um, and he

has a definition for what bad code looks

like. He calls it complex code.

Complexity is anything related to the

structure of a software system that

makes it hard to understand and modify

the system. Right? So, a a bad codebase

is a codebase that's hard to change. If

you can't change a codebase without

causing bugs, then it's a bad codebase.

Good code bases are easy to change. So,

I thought, oh, that was good. Let's try

another book. Let's try the paragmatic

programmer. Go on Amazon, get it. They

have a whole chapter on something called

software entropy. And this is exactly

what I was seeing. Entropy is the idea

that things tend towards um disaster and

uh floating away from each other and

collapse. And this is exactly how most

software systems behave too is that

every time you make a change to a

codebase, if you're only thinking about

that change, not thinking about the

design of the whole system, your

codebase is going to get worse and worse

and worse. And that's what I was seeing.

Everything inside the specs to code idea

that you just run the compiler again and

again was making worse code. Now there's

an idea that sort of drives the specs to

code movement which is that code is

cheap. Raise your hand if you've heard

that phrase before that code is cheap.

Yeah.

Well, I don't think this is right. I

think code is not cheap. In fact, bad

code is the most expensive it's ever

been. Because if you have a codebase

that's hard to change, you're not able

to take all of the bounty that AI can

offer because AI in a good codebase

actually does really, really well.

And this means good code bases matter

more than ever, which means software

fundamentals matter more than ever.

That's the thesis of this talk. So,

let's actually get into practical stuff.

I'm going to talk about different

failure modes that you may have

experienced or you may not have

experienced yet with AI and how you can

avoid them by just going back to old

books and looking at good software

practices. Sound good? So, the first one

is that the AI didn't do what I wanted.

You know, I I thought I had a good idea

in my head and the AI just did something

totally different or it did some uh like

specs that I you know, it just made

something I didn't want. Raise your hand

if you've hit this mode.

Cool. Okay. Well, this is what they say

in the pragmatic programmer is that no

one knows exactly what they want. Is

that you and the AI, there is a

communication barrier there, right? And

so when you're talking to the AI, that's

kind of like the AI doing its

requirements gathering. It's basically

working out from you what it is that you

need. And I realized that there was

another book, Frederick P. Brooks, the

design of design, and it talks about

this idea called the design concept. is

that when you have more than one person

designing something together, you have

this idea sort of floating between you,

this ephemeral idea of the thing that

you're building. And that thing that

you're building or the idea of it is

called the design concept. It's not an

asset. It's not something you can put in

a markdown file. It is the invisible

sort of theory of what you're building.

And so I thought, okay, that's what's

going on. Me and the AI don't share a

design concept. So I came up with a

skill. The skill is very very simple.

It's called grill me and it looks like

this. Interview me relentlessly about

every aspect of this plan until we reach

a shared understanding. Walk down each

branch of the design tree which is

another thing from Frederick P. Brooks

resolving dependencies between decisions

one by one. This skill is like uh the

repo containing this skill has like

13,000 stars or something like it just

went nuts. Went viral. People love this

thing. it. These couple of lines means

the AI asks you like 40 questions, 60

questions. I've had it ask uh people a

hundred questions before it's satisfied

they've reached a shared understanding.

And it means it turns the AI into a kind

of adversary where it's just continually

pinging you ideas and trying to reach a

shared understanding. And that means

that the conversation that you then

generate, you can take that and turn it

into a product requirements document or

something. or if it's a small change,

you can just uh do turn it directly into

issues and then your AFK agent will then

pick it up. And don't at me on this, but

I personally believe this is better than

the default plan mode in the tool that I

use, which is claw code. Plan mode is

extremely eager to create an asset. It

really wants to uh just create a plan

and start working. whereas I think it's

a lot nicer to reach a shared design

concept first. So that's tip number one.

Now failure mode number two is that the

AI is just way too verbose.

It's like you're almost talking across

purposes with the AI. Raise your hand if

you uh feel this. If you ever experience

that failure mode. Yeah. It's kind of

like the AI is like talking just using

too many words to try to communicate

what it's doing. It's not like you're

talking uh using the same language. And

this to me felt very very familiar.

Right? If you've ever been a developer

for a long time and you've worked with

let's say domain experts, someone

building an application um let's say the

domain expert wants you to build

something on uh I don't know microchips.

You have no idea what microchips are.

You need to establish some kind of

shared language, right? Because

otherwise they're going to be using

terms you don't understand. You're going

to be translating that into code that

maybe you don't even understand and

certainly the domain expert won't. And

so there's this kind of language gap

between you and the domain expert. And

so I went back to domain driven design.

DDD, this is something I'm still kind of

on the edge of exploring, but everything

I'm reading about DDD is just music to

my ears. I freaking love it. And DDD has

a concept of a ubiquitous language.

With ubiquitous language, conversations

among developers and expressions of the

code and conversations with domain

experts are all derived from the same

domain model. It's essentially a

markdown file full of a list of terms

that you and the AI have in common. And

you really focus on those terms and you

really make sure that they're aligned

with what it actually means and you use

them all the time in the code when

you're talking about the code when

you're talking to domain experts or in

our case when you're talking with AI. So

I made a skill. This skill is the

ubiquitous language skill. Basically

just scans your codebase, looks for

terminology, and then um creates a

markdown file. Creates the ubiquitous

language markdown file. A bunch of

markdown tables with all of the

terminology. And this then I pass it to

the AI and I'm able to read it to and I

actually have it open all the time when

I'm grilling with the AI and planning

and that. And what I noticed by reading

the thinking traces of the AI, it not

only improves the planning, but it

allows the AI to think in a less verbose

way and actually means that the

implementation is more aligned with what

you actually planned. So this has

absolutely been a powerhouse. It's been

unbelievably good. So that's tip number

two. Create a shared language with the

AI. So okay, let's imagine that you've

aligned with the AI. You know what it is

you're supposed to be building. the AI

has built the right thing, but it

doesn't work. Raise your hands if that's

happened to you. Yeah, just doesn't

work. Well, there's an obvious thing

that we can do to make that better,

which is we can use feedback loops. We

can use um static types. You know, if

you're not using TypeScript, u that's

crazy. Uh if you're not using uh if

you're building a front-end app and

you're not giving it the LM access to

the browser so it can look around,

absolutely needs that. And you obviously

also need automated tests.

And one sort of thing I notice here is

that even with these feedback loops, the

LLM doesn't use them very well. It

doesn't kind of like get the most out of

its feedback loops in the way that a

veteran developer would. And so it does

what it tends to do is just does way too

much at once. it will produce like huge

amounts of code and then think, "Oh, I

should probably type check that actually

or I should uh yeah, maybe check a test

on that or maybe do something like

that." And this in the pragmatic

programmer they describe as outrunning

your headlights as essentially driving

too fast because the rate of feedback is

your speed limit. The rate of feedback

is your speed limit, which means that

you should be testing as you go, taking

small deliberate steps. And the AI by

default is really not very good at that.

And so skill number three is TDD. You

should be using testdriven development

because TDD forces the LLM to really

take small steps. You create a test

first. You make that test pass and then

you refactor the code to make it nicer

and consider the design.

The issue here is that testing is really

hard. Testing has always been hard.

And the reason for that

is there are a ton of different

decisions you need to make when you

write a test. You need to figure out how

big a unit do you want to test. You need

to figure out what to mock. You need to

figure out what behaviors do you even

want to test in the first place. And all

of these decisions are dependent. So if

you are testing a really big unit like

an entire massive application, then it

might be quite flaky. You might not want

to test that many behaviors. you know,

if you only test this unit, you need to

mock this unit. You know, it's all

interlin. And I've been thinking about

this for years for my entire development

career.

And what we notice is that good code

bases are easy code bases to test,

right? So, here we're starting to get

back to the idea of code being important

is that the better your codebase is, the

better your feedback loops are. Because

you're able to um give better feedback

to the LM, it produces better code.

And so I thought what does a good

codebase what does a testable codebase

look like? Again we go to John erhout.

He talks about having deep modules in

your codebase. Not shallow modules not

lots of modules that expose like kind of

um lots of functions. They should be

relatively few large deep modules with

simple interfaces. Let's compare them

quickly.

Deep modules, lots of functionality

hidden behind a simple interface, hiding

the complexity. You can look inside the

deep module if you want to, but you

don't need to. You can just use the

interface. Shallow modules, not much

functionality, complex interface.

And I'll just wait for you to take the

photos.

Shallow modules in a codebase kind of

look like this, where you have a ton of

different tiny little blobs that the AI

has to walk through and navigate. And

this is really hard for the AI to

explore actually. And so often what

you'll see is if you have a codebase

like this, which AI is really good at

creating code bases like this is that

you'll have a situation where AI doesn't

understand what your code is doing. It

will attempt to explore the code, but

because it's poorly laid out, filled

with shallow modules, it doesn't maybe

get to the right module in time or

doesn't understand all the dependencies,

all that stuff. It doesn't understand

your code. And so what does a codebase

full of deep modules look like? Well, it

looks like this

where it's the same code, but it's just

structured inside boundaries where you

have these interfaces on the top.

And these interfaces, you should

probably have a lot of control over them

and design them really well. Otherwise,

you know, AI might mess up the design.

But the implementation, you can kind of

leave that to the AI a bit.

So, how do you turn a codebase that

looks like this into a codebase that

looks like that? Well, I've got a skill

for that. Improve codebase architecture.

Turns out this is not it's quite

complicated to do this, but it's a like

a set of steps that you can reusably do

again and again. You just sort of

explore the codebase, look for

opportunities where there's code that's

kind of um related, and wrap all of that

in a deep module.

And this is a testable codebase because

the boundaries around this code are so

so simple. You test at the interface,

you verify using that interface and

you're good to go. And so this is a

codebase that rewards TDD.

But how about failure bone number six,

which is your okay, let's say your

feedback loops are working. Let's say

that things are kicking into gear.

You're able to ship more code than you

ever have before, but your brain can't

keep up, right? Uh, raise your hand if

you felt more tired than you have ever

before in your development career. Yeah,

me too. It's knackering. And I think

that this is a codebase that actually

makes it harder for your brain because

you as well as the AI need to keep all

of that information in your head.

Whereas this, not only is it simpler

for you to read and understand, it also

means you can kind of treat these

modules or these deep modules as gray

boxes.

you can kind of say okay I'm going to

just design the interface but I'm not

going to worry too much or not review

the implementation too much you can do

this obviously with uh things that are

less critical in your application can't

do this with uh you know various things

like finance or whatever but in many

many modules in your app you don't need

to think about the implementation too

much as long as you have a testable

boundary outside the module and as long

as you understand its purpose and can

design it from the outside I have found

this has really saved my brain because I

can just go okay the AI I'll let you

handle what's inside the big blob I'm

just going to test from the outside and

verify it so that's tip number five

design the interface delegate the

implementation

but this means that whenever we're

touching the code whenever we're

planning stuff we need to think about

and be aware of the modules in our

application we need to know that map

really well it needs to be part of our

ubiquitous language we need to build

into our planning skills as well. So my

writer PRD inside the PRD I'm specific

about the module changes and the

interfaces inside those modules how

they're being modified. I'm thinking

about them all the time. And this comes

from Kent Beck. Invest in the design of

the system every day. And this is the

core of it right because specs the code

we are not investing in the design of

the system we are divesting from it.

We're getting rid of that. Whereas this

I think is absolutely key.

And so code is not cheap. That's the

message I want you to take away. Code is

important.

And if we think about AI as a really

great on the ground programmer, a kind

of tactical programmer, a sergeant on

the ground making the code changes, you

need someone above that. You need

someone thinking on the strategic level

and that's you. And that requires

software fundamental skills that we've

been using for 20 years for longer.

Now, if you are interested in any of the

skills I put up here, it's in the GitHub

repo, Mac PCO skills. And if you're

interested in the training that I do or

uh any free stuff, I'm on YouTube, I'm

on Twitter, but I'm also at aihero.dev

where I have a newsletter that you can

check out. Thank you so much. I hope

that this gives you confidence in this

new AI age that you can actually make a

good impact. Thank you.