feeling a little bit like ap world is

pushing you around like this

well this video is an attempt to look at

two final regions in africa both east

africa and south africa from the

beginning of course all the way to the

end to help you connect the dots now

let's take a quick peek at the college

board map notice that east africa

includes the coast along the indian

ocean and the red sea near the arabian

peninsula the region of southern africa

is where modern day south africa is but

also includes basically all the

countries south of the democratic

republic of congo including countries

like zimbabwe and mozambique and zambia

now we pick up the course in the year

1200 the era of state building and the

expanding trade networks and we've

discussed how in many places things are

very decentralized around the idea of

really these kinship based tides however

there is one major state in southern

africa that you should know about and

that is great zimbabwe it was built by

the shona people the largest ethnic

group in modern day zimbabwe this is a

story you probably learned about this

year where you kind of heard this story

where europeans came to the region and

they couldn't believe that such an

advanced civilization existed so they

assumed oh europeans must have been here

before we were

but no historians and archaeologists

confirmed

it was definitely african great zimbabwe

focused on cattle raising and involved

mining mostly like gold and iron and

they were connected to the other

city-states along the swahili coast who

traded in the indian ocean now in

eastern africa you would find the

growing state of aksum which is today

known as ethiopia christianity spread to

this region from the mediterranean and

into egypt and then into ethiopia you'll

see how leaders here legitimize their

rule through monumental architecture and

religion as they build some pretty

iconic churches now this time period is

also about the rise of our existing

trade networks like the indian ocean the

swahili city-states around the east

coast of africa and more of those inland

states like great zimbabwe were

connected to the arabian peninsula to

india to south east asian states like

srivajava and majapahit and the song

dynasty in china as merchants traded in

the indian ocean maritime trade allotted

for a larger quantity

physically of goods as well as just

efficiency of moving them early trading

in the indian ocean network relied

highly upon the understanding of the

monsoon winds until the arrival of latin

sales and new technologies that let them

kind of sail against them now this will

lead us to new powerful trading cities

that emerged in the east coast of africa

like kilwa mozambique mogadishu which

are coastal cities that exported items

to the interior of africa and back again

to the indian ocean african goods like

iron and ivory and animal skins were

exchanged from africa into the indian

ocean network but religion also traded

from the roots and brought islam into

parts of east africa areas like ethiopia

continued to have a sizable christian

population plus new crops made their way

to africa from indonesia like bananas

a n a b-a-n-a-n-a-s thank you gwen

stefani which

let's just be honest do you guys even

know who she is like hollaback girl

it's like the jam and i'm guessing it's

not yours but bananas are a good source

of vitamins and antioxidants and all to

say more food especially healthy food

more people now this will shift us into

the next historical period of our course

the years of 1450 to 1750 the era of

large land-based empires and these new

maritime empires and to be honest it is

not going to be overly active here with

the development of large land-based

empires in south and east africa we will

see that the ottoman empire will expand

along the red sea and include some of

the lands in eastern africa but the

larger impact will really come

as we see the maritime empires trying to

bypass those islamic empires and landing

themselves in africa remember the

portuguese are our early leaders as they

tried to get to the indian ocean for

all the spices they sponsor bartholomew

dias who will get to the tip the tippy

tip of south africa known as the cape of

good hope they will sponsor vasco damo

who will round the cape and make it all

the way to india but the netherlands

also established maritime empires and

were sailing to the indian ocean which

led them to pit stop once again in some

of our areas of southern africa and

eastern africa along the way obviously

most famously we have the cape colony in

south africa now the dutch east india

company was chartered by the monarch in

the netherlands as a joint stock company

now slavery in africa continued in its

traditional forms including

incorporation of slaves into households

and the export of slaves to different

regions like the indian ocean but as

more interaction occurred with the

europeans the use of slave labor morphed

into what we will see in the atlantic

slave trade and again the exportation

and trafficking of africans to the new

world while we often think of the

colombian exchange as goods brought to

the americas or to europe let's remember

it also include african foods like okra

and rice being brought to the americas

and american crops being brought to

africa populations in africa benefited

from the nutritional goods that they

found in the americas in their food

crops like the potato and the tomato and

i'm sure the avocado because they're

delightful

for all you avocado

haters out there it is just unfortunate

that you are missing out on the goodness

of the avocado now let's see what

happens as we shift into our next time

period of 1750 to 1900 the age of

industry and imperialism as the

industrial revolution is catching steam

european nations were seeking those raw

materials

remember africa is resource rich i've

said it before however their geographic

blessing has turned into much of a curse

as imperialists wanted all those

resources in southern africa we will see

the desire for the mineral wealth like

gold and iron and diamonds east africa

is a source of timber which will lead to

vast deforestation and as i've said

before all of this resource grabbing was

solidified at the berlin conference of

1885 where european countries would

claim colonial lands in africa

and try to avoid a war between european

nations over these lands and it made the

region look like

this

notice that the portuguese who are quite

active in the indian ocean have some

larger colonies in these regions as seen

in purple britain is a big player

claiming much of southern and eastern

africa as you see in pink

other claims were made by germany and

green and italy in the lime colored

green and france in blue so let's circle

back to the idea of real-life minerals

much like the idea of vibranium in black

panther only in black panther we see how

their isolation allowed them to benefit

from their own resources versus

europeans taking them and

you get the point yes i love the movie

but i also love the historical

connection now cecil rhodes formed the

de beers mining company as he rushed to

mine diamonds in southern africa it was

said that he controlled 90 of the

world's diamond production rhodes

eventually became the prime minister of

the cape colony under the british hands

and unfortunately his terribly racist

policies and exploitation of africans

will

pave the way to apartheid in the future

he was the guy that also had this dream

of building the railroad across africa

from cape town in south africa to cairo

and egypt it never was completed

partially because they didn't colonize

or control all those different areas and

as i always say it wasn't like africans

just handed over the keys to the castle

there was significant movements against

europeans and many resisted the most

successful nation would be ethiopia who

was able to defend their nation against

the italians most memorable at their

famous battle of ottawa

ethiopians had access to gunpowder

weapons and it kind of leveled that

playing field in south africa the zulu

kingdom was established and was well

organized state however the british

presented an ultimatum to the zulu king

which involved them disbanding their

army and abandoning their key cultural

traditions

no independent nation would oblige such

requests and so it led to fighting which

was known as the anglo-zulu war

unfortunately the british won that war

and the region came under their dominion

often fighting was also inspired by

their own religious ideals for

protection the kosa people in south

africa also resisted british imperialism

they were in the region east of the cape

colony not only did they fight back but

they also turned to their religious

beliefs for assistance the cattle

killing movement was started when a hosa

prophetess claimed that if they killed

all their cattle and destroyed their

corn their ancestors would drive out the

european settlers unfortunately they

lost to the british and suffered also

mass starvation because of their actions

now another major element of history is

mass migrations and because the atlantic

slave trade was abolished we will see

that there's going to be new migrations

in this need for low-wage laborers as

countries were attempting to gain still

these raw resources people from british

india migrated to british controlled

south africa and east africa typically

as indentured servants additionally

specialized laborers like british

engineers and geologists migrated to the

region as well and settled there now one

of the effects of these migrations will

be the creation of ethnic enclaves

specifically in the number of indians in

east and southern africa durbin is one

of these examples in south africa that

has a very very large indian population

in south africa now as we enter the

final period of our course 1900 to

present by now you know this is the area

of the world wars we know this is the

cold war tensions we know it's also the

era of decolonization now colonized

people fought in both the world wars on

the sides of their mother country as

we've previously discussed after world

war one italy went back to ethiopia to

increase their land honolings in 1935

and the league of nations was like hey

mussolini you should not do that they

had some empty promises and some basic

sanctions but nothing stopped them from

briefly controlling ethiopia now germany

we know will lose world war one and they

will also then lose their colonies in

the treaty of versailles after world war

one but those colonies were not granted

independence instead they were now

falling under control of britain france

or belgium now nationalist efforts begin

to brew

during world war ii and some colonies

were able to negotiate their

independence while others achieved

independence through armed struggle and

we've said that before now as we were

just talking about ethiopia they will

regain their independence after

mussolini's short stint of power italy

you know joined the war as one of the

axis powers in 1940 and focused really

most of their offensives in africa and

the middle east now independence was

gained with the assistance of the

british who fought against italy in

world war ii south africa is a little

trickier

or a lot trickier now you could argue

that south africa's independence was

negotiated but you could also argue that

it was gained through a brutal

resistance campaign recall that the

dutch established a colony at cape town

in 1652 the dutch and the british will

fight over the colonial holdings which

will cause the dutch and their

descendants to migrate inland

by the 1900s the british and the

afrikaners were able to unite together

to form the union of south africa and

negotiate their independence from great

britain in 1910 and it remained part of

the british commonwealth

so yes south africa negotiated their

independence

minus that part where the people in

control were still white people in

africa indigenous africans are denied

rights by the minority afrikaner or

national party in control and they

formed the african national congress to

vocalize their wishes of the african

people the national party started a

policy of apartheid in 1948 which is a

legal segregation based upon distinct

racial classifications which included

black or native africans

those who were white with those dutch or

british ethnic ties and we cannot forget

this sizable asian population mostly

indian or chinese who came as indentured

servants in the late 1800s

plus there's a group known as colored

which is tricky to understand because

it's different than what we think of

maybe as mixed or biracial

but that is somewhat true as well but

they are a distinct cultural group that

speak afrikaans

so while independence in 1910 was a

negotiated a large majority of the

population was still under control of

the national party this controlling

party required black south africans to

carry id with them at all times black

people were not allowed to vote they

could only live in certain areas now

nelson mandela is a key leader in the

african national congress or the anc and

sought to end these discriminatory

practices like gandhi mandela and his

fellow members of the anc used

non-violent tactics like strikes and

demonstration to protest apartheid as

well as civil disobedience one of the

most famous acts of disobedience was

sharpville in 1960 roughly 7 thousand

anc members came to the police station

to protest id passbooks and began to

burn those past books in an act of

defiance and then offered themselves up

for arrests the police came

and fired on the protesters another one

of the famous events in south africa was

the soweto uprising in 1976 the national

party made it a new law that required

schooling to be in afrikaans along with

english versus native languages

students students just like you left

their school to march against this

government directive however they were

met with a heavily armed police force

who fired tear gas and ammunition on the

demonstrators killing over 176 many who

were students now throughout the 70s and

80s people in the government around the

world really started launching

international campaigns to boycott south

africa and it wasn't until f w de clerk

was elected president in 1989 that

apartheid was dismantled during that

time he also freed mandela in 1990 they

got a new constitution in 91 and that

was all peaceful in 1994 nelson mandela

was elected as president now development

has been difficult in most of africa as

the roots of colonization and

imperialism have lasting impacts

learning objective 7.8 is for us to

understand the causes and the

consequences of mass atrocities but i

know you probably talked about the

holocaust or the armenian genocide which

fits under that but another illustrative

example could be the rwandan genocide

now rwanda started out as a german

colony until they lost world war one and

then it switched into belgian hands

where they utilized indirect rule and

really let the existing rwandan

leadership kind of the right to rule

however the legacy of imperialism

included ingrained racist and oppressive

policies that really classified people

based on physical characteristics and

roles within their society belgians

required rwandans to carry id cards

showing their ethnic group sounds

familiar right tootsies were originally

cattle herders before colonization and

they were a minority within rwanda they

controlled the monarchy and the belgians

believed they were superior to the hutus

who were the majority ethnic group in

rwanda post-world war ii hutu activism

and a push for democracy overthrew the

tutsi monarchy and belgium influence

where they then gained independence in

1962 so you would think that the

majority party the majority of people

would gain control this is what happened

however the belgians had favored that

minority group so then the belgians

switched groups of who they supported

and now they went behind the hutus now

these classifications created divisions

and eventually will lead to the

genocidal plans that come to fruition

government-sponsored radio stations

started to call on ordinary rwandan

citizens to murder their neighbors

within three months in 1994

some 800 000 people had been slaughtered

now many consider this lack of action by

the united nations a peacekeeping

international organization as a failure

or at least one of their weaknesses

since then there has been a lot of work

at reconciliation in rwanda but still

the legacy of the genocide is still

fresh in many people's minds so

there you have it a review of eastern

and south africa from the beginning of

the course all the way to the end so cue

that clock and let's get to

the one minute recap great zimbabwe and

axem in ethiopia were early states in

eastern africa great zimbabwe was

largely connected to the swihili coast

and the indian ocean trade network iron

ivory animal skins were exchanged from

africa into the network but religion

came back in specifically the spread of

islam into africa let's not forget about

bananas coming on in ethiopia has a

sizable christian population as well

then came the portuguese and their

explorers diaz will get to the cape of

good hope in southern africa vasco da

gama will round the cape and reach india

now europeans are in the indian ocean

also along the swahili coast industrial

revolution leads to them wanting

resources diamonds and minerals are in

southern africa then came the berlin

conference

lots of resistance now the zulu lost

against the british in the anglo-zulu

war the cosa will have the cattle

killing movement as they turn to their

religious beliefs ethiopians will fight

and they will win to defend their lands

but the map still looks really colonized

minus ethiopia then came the world wars

and nationalist movements many achieve

independence but south africa is a

little confusing because they negotiated

yet apartheid began so feels a little

colonized yet apartheid lasts until the

90s with lots of resistance sharp full

protest soweto uprising mandela is

jailed the world boycotts south africa

the clerk eventually frees mandela and

ends apartheid laws mandela is elected

in 1994 but the effects of imperialism

and colonization run deep as we see the

tragedies of the rwandan genocide what's

next

only time will tell if you feel like

this was helpful hit that like button

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as i help you review region by region i

hope this helped you learn about

yesterday to better understand today so

we can all write a better tomorrow keep

studying and organizing all these events

on the timeline that i allowed for you

in the description below but until next

time keep up the good work

see ya