Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials,

where we revisit past episodes for the

most potent and actionable science-based

tools for mental health, physical

health, and performance.

I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor

of neurobiology and opthalmology at

Stanford School of Medicine. Today,

we're going to talk all about how to

optimize your workspace for maximum

productivity. Indeed, that means to

heighten levels of focus, to increase

levels of creativity, to improve your

ability to task switch. And this could

be for sake of school or for work,

creative endeavors, personal endeavors.

This really extends to everybody. This

is a topic that's intrigued me for a

very long time because my undergraduate

adviser, my graduate adviser, and my

posttock adviser had many things in

common, including being great

scientists, being kind people, and

terrific mentors. But they had another

thing in common which always perplexed

me which is that their offices were a

complete disaster. They had mountains of

books, mountains of papers, mountains of

all sorts of stuff and yet all of them

were extremely productive and could

remain extremely focused in that

incredibly cluttered environment. Now

I'm somebody who doesn't like clutter. I

find it very hard to focus in cluttered

environments. And indeed, there's

tremendous variation among people as to

whether or not they can remain focused

or whether or not they struggle to focus

in physically cluttered environments.

There's no right or wrong to this, but

the question we should ask ourselves is

why were they all able to be so focused?

And it turns out that the reason they

were able to be so focused is that they

all captured one single and yet

fundamental variable of workspace

optimization. And we'll talk about what

that variable is. In fact, we're going

to talk about what all the variables of

optimizing a workspace are. Things like

vision, things like light, things like

noise in the room, whether or not you

listen to music or not, whether or not

you use noise cancelling headphones or

not. We're going to talk about all of

that. And we're going to do that in a

way that you can optimize your workspace

regardless of whether or not you are at

home, whether or not you're on the road,

etc. Because the last thing I would ever

want to do is to create a situation

where you find the optimal workspace and

then you are a slave to that optimal

workspace. That's just not the way the

world works. What you want to do or my

goal for you rather is that you will

have a short checklist of things that

you can look to anytime you sit down to

do work and you can think about the

underlying variables that impact your

brain and your body and allow your brain

and body to get into the optimal state

in order to learn in order to be

productive and indeed to move through

your workouts in a very relaxed and

pleasureful way while maintaining focus

and while pursuing any of the number of

things that you're doing. The first

variable we want to think about in terms

of workspace optimization is vision and

light. From the time you wake up in the

morning until about 6 or 7 or 8,

sometimes 9 hours later, your brain is

in a unique state. It is in a state of

high levels of dopamine, a neurom

modulator, and high levels of

epinephrine, as well as hormones like

cortisol and so forth. That early part

of the day is a time of day in which for

sake of workspace optimization.

Being in a brightly lit environment can

lend itself to optimal work throughout

the day, not just during that early

phase. So, one of the things that I've

done for my workspace is to make sure

that when I wake up in the morning, I do

go get my sunlight. If the sun isn't

out, I turn on as many bright artificial

lights as I can manage or tolerate and

then I go get my sunlight exposure. But

once I set out to do some work that all

the overhead lights in that room are on

as well as lights in front of me and

that's again to stimulate heightened

levels of focus and further release of

these neurom modulators that I mentioned

before dopamine, norepinephrine and

epinephrine. Now the way that one could

do that could be a very lowcost way of

having for instance a desk lamp and

those overhead lights. Ring lights can

be pretty cost effective and yet they're

very bright and they have the sort of

bright blue light that is going to

optimally stimulate those melanops and

ganglen cells. I don't use a ring light.

I use a light pad. The particular light

pad I use I bought on Amazon. So I place

that on the desk in front of me and I

turn it on essentially throughout this

phase one of the day. For those of you

that can place your desk near a window

and even better to open the window, that

would be really fantastic. Why would I

say open the window? Well, it turns out

that sunlight is going to be the best

stimulus for waking up your brain and

body through this melanops into

hypothalamus system. And by looking at

sunlight through a window, it's 5050

times less effective than if that window

were to be open. Mostly because those

windows filter out a lot of the

wavelengths of blue light that are

essential for stimulating the eyes and

this wakeup signal. Now, in the

afternoon, starting at about 9 and

continuing until about 16 hours after

waking, you want to start dimming the

lights in that environment. The idea is

that in this so-called phase two of the

24-hour cycle, from about 9 to 16 hours

after waking, you want to bring the

level of lights down a bit. Having

lights that are in front of you is fine,

but overhead lights at that time are not

going to be optimal for the sorts of

neurochemical states that your brain

wants to be in. The states that I'm

referring to are a shift from the

dopamine and norepinephrine that's

highest early in the day to increases in

things like serotonin and other neurom

modulators that put your brain into a

state that's better for creative

endeavors or for more abstract thinking.

So, what I recommend doing and what I

personally do is I will turn off

overhead lights in the afternoon. It's

not completely dim. It's not completely

dark, but I will start to reduce the

amount of overhead light and just simply

keep the light pad on and whatever other

lamps I happen to be using. So,

somewhere around 4 or 5:00 p.m., which

for me is, you know, about 12 hours

after I've been awake or 14 hours after

I've been awake, I will turn off that

light pad and start to transition the

lights in my environment to more yellows

and reds. And then I'll just mention

because I know there are people who are

working in the middle of the night,

there's phase three, which is about 17

to 24 hours after waking. If you're

going to be doing work in that third

phase of your circadian cycle, you

really want to limit the amount of

bright light that you're getting in your

eyes to just the amount that allows you

to do the work that you're doing.

Because if you get light in your eyes

that's any brighter than that, you're

going to severely deplete your melatonin

levels. You're going to severely shift

your circadian clock and it's

effectively like traveling to another

time zone. So, if you stay up from 3:00

a.m. until 6:00 a.m. or 2:00 a.m. until

4:00 a.m. working on a term paper or

something of that sort and you're

getting bright light in your eyes, you

are effectively flying 6 hours in to a

different time zone or at least that's

what your body registers it as. And it

can really throw your sleep and your

metabolism and a number of other things

out of whack. Now, there's an exception

to this, which is if you really want to

be awake, it can often be beneficial to

flipping on all the lights in the room

and keeping them really bright. One of

the hardest things to do is to stay up

all night studying when you're in a dim

environment. So, you have to determine

the tradeoff between whether or not you

want to shift your clock or whether or

not you want to get the work done. Now,

that's light. But there's another aspect

of vision that has been shown to be

critically important for how alert we

are going to be and how well we can

maintain that alertness. And that has to

do with where our visual focus is in a

given environment. There's a very

underappreciated and yet incredible

aspect of our neurology that has to do

with the relationship between where we

look and our level of alertness. And it

works in a very logical way. We have

clusters of neurons in our brain stem.

And those clusters of neurons control

our eyelid muscles and they control our

eye movements up and down and to the

sides. Now the neurons that control

those muscles have a very interesting

feature which is that when we are

looking down toward the ground or

anywhere below basically the the central

region of our face. The neurons that

control that eye movement are intimately

related to areas of the brain stem that

release certain types of neurom

modulators and neurotransmitters

and they activate areas of the brain

that are associated with calm and indeed

even with sleepiness. Now the opposite

is also true. We have neurons that place

our eyes into an upward gaze above the

sort of level of our nose and up above

our forehead literally looking up while

keeping the head stationary. Those

neurons don't just control the position

of the eyes and cause them to move up.

They also trigger the activation of

brain circuits that are associated with

alertness. Now, this has some obvious

implications. Contrary to what most

people do, which is to look down at

their laptop, tablet, or phone, if you

want to be alert and you want to

maintain the maximum amount of focus for

whatever it is that you're reading or

doing, you want that screen or whatever

it is that you're looking at to at least

be at eye level and ideally slightly

above it. There's another aspect of our

vision that's absolutely critical for

optimizing our workspace and that has to

do with this really interesting feature

of our visual pathways in that it has

two major channels. Those two major

channels have names although you don't

have to remember the names. The first

one is the so-called parvo cellular

channel which is involved in looking at

things at specific points in space and

at high resolution or detail. And then

there's the so-called magnosellar

channel that's involved in looking at

big swaths of visual space and at lower

resolution. Now again, you don't have to

remember the names. What you do have to

remember, however, is that you're going

to create the maximum amount of

alertness in your system, the maximum

amount of ability to focus when your

system is in that parvocellular mode.

When you're bringing your eyes to a

common point, what we call avergence eye

movement, v e r g- n ce. Bringing your

eyes to a single point in space will

create a narrower aperture of a visual

window, meaning your your visual world

actually shrinks, at least perceptually.

Now the caveat to this is that if you

are going to look at a narrow space, a

narrow window for any period of time,

whether or not it's a book or a laptop

or a tablet or a phone, those virgin's

eye movements not only create alertness,

but they also require energy and they

also can fatigue the eyes because

there's a process called accommodation

whereby the shape of your eye literally

has to change so that the lens can move

so that you can focus at that location.

Accommodation is an incredible process,

but it is a demanding one, and that's

the reason that your eyes get tired when

you focus on something for too long. So,

here's a principle extracted from the

opthalmology and neuroscience literature

that you can adopt. For every 45 minutes

in which you are focusing on something

like a phone or a tablet or a book page

or your computer, you want to get into

Magnusellar

panoramic vision for at least five

minutes. And the way that I suggest to

do this is actually to take a walk

ideally outside. So for every 45 minutes

or so, try and get five minutes of

relaxing your eyes. Look off into the

distance. Looking at a horizon will

automatically trigger this panoramic

gaze, which is very relaxing to the eyes

and will allow you to go back into a

focused work bout. The one thing you

absolututely do not want to do is to go

outside and check your phone. Because if

you're outside checking your phone or

you're taking a break and checking your

phone, you're still in that virgin eye

movement. Okay? So this is very very

important because virgin's eye movements

increase focus and attention and you can

exploit that to increase focus and

attention when you want to but you

absolutely need to relax the system.

Again for every 45 minutes in which

you've been in that focused mode you

want to get at least 5 minutes of

panoramic vision. Next, I'd like to talk

about an aspect of workspace

optimization that can actually bias

whether or not our brain and nervous

system are better suited for detailed

analytic work or more abstract work.

What I'm about to describe is called the

cathedral effect. The cathedral effect

has been discussed well really for many

many decades maybe even hundreds of

years but formally has been discussed

since the early 2000s in which it seemed

that people who were in high ceiling

environments hence the phrase cathedral

would shift their thinking and their

ideas to more abstract and creative

lofty type thinking. So literally higher

ceiling, loftier thinking, higher

aspirations that this was observed in

terms of the language that they used,

but also the sorts of ideas that they

would generate.

And conversely, that people that were in

lower ceiling environments would be more

oriented toward using language that was

more restricted, literally more

detailed, analytic about things in their

immediate space. So what does this mean

for workspace optimization? Well, most

of us have a fixed ceiling uh level in

our in our home, but you might have

rooms in which the ceiling is higher and

rooms in which the ceiling is lower. If

that were the case, I recommend if you

want to do creative work during phase 2,

the 9 to 16 hours of uh your circadian

cycle, 9 to 16 hours after waking that

is that you do that in the high ceiling

room or maybe even outdoors out on a

deck or on a patio because the highest

ceiling of course is is the sky. And

again, the lower the ceiling or the

lower your visual environment, the more

that one tends to do or per I should say

performs detailed analytic work

accurately. And the more that one's

thinking is oriented towards detailed

sort of correct answer type work.

Whereas when the ceiling is higher or

there's no ceiling, the more that the

brain and the rest of the processing

that we call cognitive processing is

related to abstract reasoning,

brainstorming, and indeed can pull from

broader swaths of memory resources

because really what abstract reasoning

is is it's taking existing elements and

and maneuvering them or arranging them

into novel ways. So you can think about

like notes on a piano um playing a

particular song, learning scales. That's

very analytic. there's a there's a

correct answer that you're trying to

arrive at or generate. Whereas writing

music or um writing poetry or generating

um new material of any kind involves

taking existing elements, right? You're

not going to use words that you don't

have committed to your memory or that

you're not aware of and arranging them

in novel ways. So, I think the cathedral

effect can be leveraged and again, you

don't need to move into a different home

or build a slanted roof and work at one

side of the the room at one part of the

day and the other side of the room at

the other. Although, hey, if that's the

way you um you want to swing it, that's

great. Uh most of us don't have that

flexibility. But it's very clear that

the height of the ceiling of the visual

environment that we're in has a profound

effect on the types of cognitive

processes that we are able to engage.

Now, I'd like to shift our attention to

the auditory environment or the noise in

the room or the music in the room or the

music or noise in the headphones because

it turns out that there is a lot of

quality scientific data out there that

speaks to whether or not listening to

particular sounds can enhance our

cognition. And indeed, the answer is

yes. But there are very particular types

of things to listen to under very

particular types of conditions that

allow one to do that. If you look across

the literature for studies that involve

complete silence or white noise or

binaural beats or music or classical

music or rock and roll, you can find

results to support any type of

environment as being more beneficial.

However, as we'll talk about in a

moment, there are a few types of

environments to really avoid and a few

types of sounds that really can enhance

the cognition and your ability to focus

in your workspace environment across the

board that really seem to work for all

people. Let's talk about background

noise to avoid. And here we're talking

about background noise to avoid because

it actually can cause um some pretty

severe deficits in cognition. There's a

paper, first author Jordan Love, cool

name. Um, last author Alexander Francis.

The the title of the paper has to do

with psychophysiological responses to

potentially annoying heating,

ventilation, and air conditioning noise

during mentally demanding work, which is

a mouthful. But basically what this

paper identifies is a large data set in

which workplace and environmental noise

mostly the humming of air conditioners

that's very loud or the humming of

heaters that's very loud and ongoing

just incessant doesn't let up can really

increase mental fatigue and can vastly

decrease cognitive performance. I think

we've all experienced that when you're

in a room and there's some ongoing

background noise and all of a sudden it

stops and you just feel this enormous

relief. So, does that mean that we

shouldn't listen to white noise or pink

noise or brown noise while we're

working? Certainly, a lot of people do.

In fact, if you want to know what white

noise, pink noise, and brown noise are

just different constellations of

auditory frequencies that are played

together. Brown noise has others. It has

different frequencies that are that are

included at higher amplitude, etc. You

can look this stuff up on YouTube if you

want. You just put brown noise. None of

it sounds terrific. It doesn't sound

like music. It's literally just noise,

mixed frequencies, and no particular

arrangement. There is some evidence that

playing white noise in the background or

on headphones or pink noise or brown

noise can facilitate cognition, but it's

mainly through an increase in this

overall alertness

as a consequence of areas like locus

ceruius and other brain stem areas that

are associated with autonomic arousal

from that noise. There's really no

reason to suspect, however, that those

particular patterns of noise are going

to optimize particular mental functions.

So, what I'd like to turn to next are

particular patterns of sounds that

indeed have been shown in peer-reviewed

studies to optimize certain types of

mental processing because you can

incorporate these into your optimized

workspace environment through headphones

or through speakers, whatever mechanism

that you want in order to get more out

of your work efforts. If you were to

search for apps or go online and try and

find sounds that can improve thinking or

change your emotions, you're generally

going to find three types. One are

called isopchronic tones. These are

tones usually of a a common frequency.

So it might be um a beep and then a

pause and then a beep of the same

frequency and then beep. Forgive my um

terrible beeping. Um, I don't know what

good beeping would sound like, but um,

contrast is tones with monoral beats.

Monoral beats would be repetitive almost

percussive like beats delivered to just

one earun.

This kind of thing. Okay, you can find

apps that can deliver monal beats. You

can find also apps that deliver

so-called binaural beats. You can also

find YouTube scripts that or channels

that will deliver binaural beats.

Binaural beats as the name suggests are

beats delivered to the two ears. One

pattern of kind of percussive beat to

one ear and a different pattern or at

least a pattern that's out of phase

that's not synchronized delivered to the

other ear. So on one ear you hear d and

in the other ear you've got dun dun dun.

And what happens is because of the way

that the auditory system converges in

the brain stem and generates what are

called intraoral time differences. I'll

explain what that means in a moment.

intraoral time differences. The

difference between the two patterns of

beats that are heard by the each of the

two different ears leads to a third

pattern that the brain entrains to and

kind of maps onto and generates

particular types of brain waves. Okay,

so without going into a lot of detail,

intraal time differences are the ways in

which if you were to hear something off

to your right, like I just snapped my

finger just to the right of my right

ear, that a signal arrives in my right

ear before that sound signal, those

sound waves arrive in my left ear. So

there's an intraoral between ears time

difference and there's a brain stem area

in which signals from one ear and

signals from the other ear converge and

there's literally a math done by your

nervous system that says this signal

arrived before the other signal and the

difference between those signals is the

intraoral time difference. Binaural

beats have been generated in ways that

create a particular pattern of intraoral

time differences that then cascades up

to the rest of the brain and puts the

forebrain and other areas of the brain

that are involved in cognition and

action into a particular rhythm. And

some of the rhythms or waves of brain

activity are ones that you may have

heard of things like alpha waves or

theta waves or gamma waves. If you look

across the board at the studies of

binaural beats and you ask what sorts of

binaural beats appear to be useful for

people to enhance their brain function

for particular kinds of task, we arrive

at some very interesting answers. So

we'll review what those are. Now the

frequency of binaural beats that appears

to bring about improved cognitive

functioning at the level of memory

improved reaction times and improved

verbal recall

seems to be 40 hertz. You might try

listening to binaural beats for about 30

minutes while doing something else and

then maybe eating lunch or something of

that sort or taking a walk and then

going into the workout because remember

the moment that you start listening to

these binaural beats the brain doesn't

immediately switch into a particular

pattern of oscillation or brain waves it

takes some time. So again, 40 Hz

binaural beats, many many apps, many

YouTube scripts out there, probably

other resources for binaural beats.

Hopefully zero cost so you can access

those without any um need to to shell

out any money. Some of you out there

might be craving a little bit more

mechanism by which binaural beats can

influence things like focus or reduced

reaction time. This has actually been

explored. This 40 hertz binaural beats

pattern seems to have an effect on

what's called strrial dopamine. That

dopamine release leads to heightened

levels of motivation and focus. Why

motivation and focus? Well, dopamine is

actually the substrate by which

epinephrine is made. Dopamine, the

molecule, is actually converted into

epinephrine, adrenaline. And they work

together like close cousins, dopamine

and epinephrine, in order to put us on a

path of movement or if we are doing work

of mental movement toward a goal. So

that's a little bit of mechanistic meat

to explain at least part of the reason

why 40 hertz binaural beats can enhance

our focus, reduce our reaction times,

and improve indeed learning and memory.

Next, I'd like to talk about two aspects

of optimizing workspace that will come

up at some point in your work or school

life. The first one is interruptions.

There's a simple method that I learned

from my graduate adviser that works

very, very well. What she would do was

if I came by and asked a question or if

anyone came by and asked a question, she

would acknowledge their presence but

would not shift her body toward them.

So, she purposely did not position her

computer facing the door, which I think

is a deadly uh or I should say deadly to

focus way of positioning your workspace.

So, her computer was facing the wall.

The door was uh perpendicular to that.

And I would come by and I say, "I have a

question." And she would say, "Yes." So

she would acknowledge my presence but

she wouldn't actually orient her body

toward me which told me that this

conversation was not going to last very

long and no matter how long I stood

there or what I asked she would never

orient toward me which generally kept

these conversations very very short. The

other approach which um I confess uh

colleagues of mine have used before um

not necessarily at Stanford but

elsewhere is to um simply say no to

everything that somebody requests or

comes by. So if someone would knock on

the door, they would just shout no

through the door. Or if someone would

say, "Can I bother you for a second?"

They would say no. Or if someone would

say, "I have something I want to tell

you." They would just say no. And they

would just continue doing this until the

person went away. That was actually very

effective. These were some of the most

productive people I know. Not always the

kindest people, but some of them were

very kind. So is it better to sit or is

it better to stand when doing work? At

least as it relates to focus and

productivity. And the answer is both.

There have been a number of systematic

studies exploring what are called sitst

stand desks. So these are desks that can

be set to a height that makes standing

the best practice and then they can be

lowered to a height that makes sitting

the best practice or the easiest

practice I should say. And it turns out

that just sitting is terrible for us.

Okay? And there's an enormous number of

studies out there that point to the fact

that people who sit for five or six or

seven hours a day doing work have all

sorts of issues related to sleep, neck

pain, cognition suffers, their number of

cardiovascular effects, even digestion.

There may even actually be some almost

pressure effects on the pelvic floor and

things of that sort depending on the

chairs that one uses. but that people

who stand are in a slightly better

situation where many of those health

metrics improve. But that people that do

a combination of sitting and standing at

the same desk throughout the day or move

from one desk to another if they don't

have a combination sit stand desk that's

going to be best. Now, what's

interesting if you look at the

scientific literature is that people who

decreased their sitting time by about

half each day showed incredibly

significant effects on reduced neck and

shoulder pain, increase in subjective

health, vitality in workrelated

environments, and perhaps most

importantly for sake of today's

discussion,

improvement in cognitive conditioning

and the ability to embrace new tasks and

cognitive performance. What happens if

we just stand? Well, that can also

generate some postural issues in terms

of stabilization and fatigue. That said,

most everybody, at least in the US, is

not getting sufficient cardiovascular

exercise or movement throughout the day.

And standing at one's desk can improve

some of those health metrics and again

can improve productivity probably

because of those postural effects that I

talked about earlier. I have to say

after now about 10 years of working at a

sitst stand desk, I find I can't sit for

too long before I want to stand. And my

standing balance can be anywhere from 30

minutes to 2 hours, although two hours

would be a little bit long. And then I

catch myself kind of leaning on the desk

off to the side. So again, the idea is

to stand but not be leaning on the desk.

Obviously, if you're typing or you're

writing, there'll be some leaning

involved, but that's what the literature

support. So, we've been discussing

workspace optimization with the

understanding that you're not always

going to work in the same place every

day. What I've tried to do is give you a

set of high potency tools that can

improve your focus and cognition and to

place that within a framework for

particular kinds of work. Let's just

review some of the basic elements of

what we've covered today. First of all,

in the first part of your day, that 0 to

nine hours after waking, you want bright

lights, especially overhead lights, as

bright as you can keep them without

feeling uncomfortable or certainly not

without feeling any pain in your eyes or

elsewhere in your body. Bright lights

will make for the maximum state of

alertness. And if you can, try and place

whatever it is you're focusing on at

least at nose level or above. Try and

avoid reclining. Try and stand for at

least half of your workday. That's a

good goal and it may take some time to

work up to that goal. In addition, if

you're going to use sound as a stimulus

for increasing focus and alertness, try

and avoid exposure to white noise, pink

noise, or brown noise for extended

periods of time for more than an hour or

so. That might actually be damaging to

the auditory system and at the very

least is kind of stressful even though

you might not notice it. It's kind of a

background level of anxiety and stress

that is not going to serve you well.

Rather, if you're going to pursue

particular types of sound frequencies,

consider using 40 Hz binaural beats, not

monoral beats, but 40 Hz binaural beats

done during a particular workout or for

30 minutes prior to that workout. I

would not rely on binaural beats all the

time every day. I think that could cause

them to lose their potency just because

of the way the auditory system

attenuates. Some other things that you

could do in order to improve your

workplace performance would be to

consider the cathedral effect. If you're

going to do analytic work for any part

of the day, phase one or phase two as I

describe them, but really in any time of

day, that detailed analytic work for

which there is a correct answer, then

try and get into an environment with a

relatively low ceiling. If you don't

have access to a low ceiling

environment, you might consider using a

brimmed hat or even a hoodie or or even

just facing down or even putting your

hand above uh above your eyes as you

will as a at the level of your of your

eyebrows. In contrast, if you're

interested in doing brainstorming,

creative work, you're writing new

things, you're creating new things of

any kind, artwork, consider getting into

a high ceiling or no ceiling

environment. Or if you're wearing a

brimmed hat or you're wearing a hoodie,

maybe peel that back. Now, of course,

there are an enormous number of other

things that you can do to improve work

performance and productivity, and I've

talked about those in previous episodes.

In particular, in the episode on focus

and the episode on motivation, there are

supplements you can take that can

increase dopamine, for instance. There

are tools that you can use to increase

your focus. For instance, focusing your

visual attention on one location for 30

to 60 seconds prior to entering a

focused work bout. I do want to

acknowledge again the fact that I

realize people are showing up to this

challenge of workspace optimization with

different budgets with different

constraints. Some people have kids at

home. There are a lot of interruptions,

some people do not.

Nonetheless, I hope that the information

I was able to provide today will allow

you to make subtle or maybe even drastic

rearrangements in your workspace

environment. There's one other point

related to that that I did not cover and

that I'd like to cover just briefly,

which is that there's nothing to say

that you have to always work in the same

location all the time. You can move from

house to cafe if that works for you. You

can move from office to home. You can

also move from different locations

within your home. Once again, thank you

for joining me for this discussion about

the science and peer-reviewed literature

on workspace optimization. I hope some

if not all of the tools will be

beneficial for you. And as always, thank

you for your interest in science.