so let's get into

it this is every grammar topic that the

digital sat is going to cover in this

video we're going to be talking about

the first three and we're going to touch

on pronouns a bit so if you don't know

what any of this means that's completely

okay these are just the technical terms

that the English major is used to

describe what we already automatically

do when we speak

English so let's get into

sentences so there are two types of

sentences that you basically have to no

there's independent and dependent

clauses independent means a complete

sentence the bird is flying dependent

means not a complete sentence because

the bird is flying you can't just say

because the bird is flying without any

other context but if you combine the two

the bird is flying because the bird is

flying that becomes an independent

sentence so an independent can be made

up of an independent and a

dependent so a problem related to

sentences on the SAT is going to be

fragment problems this is basically a

sentence made up of anything less than

an independent clause they're basically

testing if you can catch that the

sentence is not complete so how do we

fix it there are two ways all you have

to do is connect it to an independent

clause to make it complete like we did

in the last uh page or you can add in

the missing subject or verb to make it a

complete independent sentence so example

to boost the number of women in stem

Fields including electrical chemical and

Industrial engineering it feels like

something's missing right so what are we

going to do this is this is uh method

number one we're going to connect it to

an independent clause that already

exists so that we can make it complete

the senior female Executives also act as

mentors to young women that is a

sentence that could stand on its own and

that is a completely independent clause

so combining the two makes it an

independent

clause example two from driving hard for

every attempted shot to definely

throwing the ball to most open Defender

it's missing something again what are we

going to do connect to an independent

sentence to make it complete the goalie

was saving her team at a time when they

needed her if you notice that last part

of the sentence could stand on its own

without having to need without needing

the dependent part at all but by adding

that to the dependent part it becomes an

independent sentence and it's good now

so example three for the sake of a

better experience at school asking his

adviser for a new room assignment

missing something again this time we're

going to add the missing subject to make

it com complete so that this sentence

becomes the independent sentence so for

the sake of a better experience at

school The Freshman that's the subject

that needed to be added the Freshman

asked his adviser for a new room

assignment now it is an independent

sentence and we're

good all right the next type of problem

that the digital sat is going to ask you

related to sentences are runon problems

so this is basically multiple

independent sentences combined with

wrong or no punctuation so there are

three ways to fix this you can make one

of the Clauses dependent you can add

punctuation there are only three

punctuations you can add a period a

semicolon or a comma fan Bo which we'll

talk about later or you can split up the

sentences which is basically period at a

period so example one the dog Mary wants

to put in the dog show is a beagle it is

a medium it is a medium-sized member of

the hound family if you notice when I

spoke I automatically added a pause

which means I can tell something's off

here it needs to have some sort of

punctuation or we can add the word which

which makes it a dependent clause right

to make a clause dependent you can add

which or because so the dog Mary wants

to put in the dog show is a beagle which

is a medium-sized member of the hound

family

all right number two we're going to do

the same thing we're going to make the

Clause dependent both of these are

independent clauses right you can't

combine independent clauses with a comma

the deli had no milk after a rush of

morning customers that stands on its own

the owner rushed to order more that also

stands on its own you need the correct

punctuation or you can add because the

deli had no milk now that is a dependent

clause it can't stand on its own it

needs that independent clause which

follows

um example four airplants like the T

Tandia

Tandia species comment below how to say

Tandia species are tolerant of a wide

range of climates they are they thrive

in room

temperatures so what are we doing in

here again we're adding a the correct

punctuation to be able to separate two

independent

clauses because each part of the

sentence can stand on its own you can't

join with a comma you have to use a

semicolon which they used right

here all right example five so in this

we're simply splitting up the sentences

because they are two independent clauses

and they don't really need to be

combined if you wanted to combine them

you can also add a semicolon

here all right the last kind of problem

related to sentence structures that the

SAT is going to test you on is dependent

subject problems so a subject

might a sentence subject might actually

be an entire dependent clause what do I

mean by this you will see in the

examples but the basic strategy is just

going to be to mentally erase the

dependent clause and replace it with a

noun so in example one whoever came up

with the idea to put solar panels on

rooftops are geniuses so what is the

subject of the sentence it is the

whoever came up with the idea to put up

solar panels on rooftops that's a long

subject we could cut that out and let's

just replace that underline with an

actual subject so does this sentence

make sense kirn are a genius no so

that's how you need to know that are

needs to become is because that whole

dependent clause is just one

noun and you want to replace that now

you want to replace that dependent

clause with something related to what

it's talking about so whoever came up

with the idea so that's a person you

want to replace it with a person um and

then test out the sentence let's try

another example that cleaning that

cleaning a kitchen is a repetitive chore

which makes it especially thankless this

is kind of hard um what is the subject

in this

situation so if you think about it

cleaning a kitchen is a repetitive chore

what is that that is a fact that's like

a a reasoning that's like a yeah

basically that's just an idea so we

could replace that with the word fact

that fact makes it especially

thankless right that makes sense that

sentence is

coherent um but you can't say that fact

which makes it especially thankless so

replacing the underlining subject which

might be a long word with something that

actually makes sense is how you simplify

these problems

down all right section two punction

situation let's get into this so a

semicolon these are not as complicated

as you think guys semicolons are

basically periods they're never going to

test you on the SAT between choosing a

semicolon and a period that is a

extremely like detailed um breakdown

that they're not going to test on the

SAT because there's too many mistakes

that could happen and people's futures

are riding on this test they want to

make it standardized so semicolons are

used to connect with related thoughts

connect um sentences so as you can see

in the example Jim rode his bike that's

a sentence Mary walked that's an that's

a what's it called independent clause

you can connect those two with the

semicolon because semicolons are equal

to

periods and here's a pro Haack if the

text at any point in time contains a

semicolon and like right right after one

another um there needs to be another

semicolon in that sentence so if that's

one of the ENT choices that's probably

right so example we ate mushrooms oh

this is an example of another way that a

semicolon can be used this is the only

other way if you if you have a list and

the list contains commas already but you

want to like have a list within a list

you can also use semicolons to separate

objects in that

list all right a dash is basically

parenthesis guys so that means it's used

to group information that you could

completely cut out of the sentence it's

just extra little details that you want

to add so for example the hair styl is

picked up the scissors the kind that

usually sit in a in the jar of blue

liquid so that information is really

like an extra detail that you could cut

out of the sentence and it'd be fine or

you could put it in parentheses um so

the reason why this is wrong is you need

two dashes to match exactly like you

need two parentheses an open one and a

closed one so you can't have a dash and

a

comma same thing with the second um

example you need two dashes and this is

very similar to how you can just use two

commas to cut out information that is

extra details which we will talk about a

little bit

later okay colons are basically dashes I

don't mean this in the parenthesis way

this time I mean this in the introduce

something way so for example here's a

list of my acceptable here's a here is

my list of acceptable pets pets so the

colon introduces a list that is one way

of introducing something and the second

way is introducing a something related

to that sentence my search for the

perfect pet came down to Man's Best

Friend a dog so a dog is introduced by

the sentence prior to

it all right commas commas can get very

complicated but basically

you need to understand that if there is

a dependent sentence it requires at

least one comma to be correct because

when you connect that dependent to an

independent you need to use a comma as a

punctuation um lists also require commas

and there's a comma before the and or

the or so if you say red blue and pink

there's a comma before and you said red

blue or pink there's a comma before

or um let's see they can also be used to

remove non-essential information like

Dash is which is what I was saying so in

the first example this one's a little

tricky because it seems like Barack

Obama is not really important

information since you're already saying

precedent but let's try it out right if

you if you have a if you have something

within two commas you should be able to

remove it from the sentence and it still

makes perfect sense um like that was

just an extra detail same thing as the

dashes but if we removed Barack Obama it

would say US president will meet with

his counterparts that doesn't make sense

you need the Barack Obama and that's why

you can't surround it in commas in this

situation US President Barack

Obama um let's see the second example so

the daisy a perennial plant sometimes

known as bruis worth grows low to the

ground in this example if I try to

remove a perennial plant I get the daisy

sometimes known as bruw worth grows low

to the ground as you can tell there's a

huge pause I had to have between Daisy

and sometimes but because I removed that

that chunk called a perennial plant um

there's no comma there so it seems like

this sometimes known as bruis worth is

also a bit of extra detail that doesn't

need to be there so we want the commas

to surround both parts so the fix is the

daisy a perennial plant sometimes known

as bruis worth that's the that's the

extra information if we cut that out the

daisy grows low to the ground that's a

fine sentence

all right last example

um started on a win by an electric ex

eccentric resident the project to to

clean up the abandoned lot soon became a

popular neighborhood Pastime so if you

can see the underline portion is

definitely a dependent clause um and

what what did I say about uh dependent

clauses they require at least one comma

so you can't just put a semicolon there

there has to be a comma in this sentence

so that's the fix you just add a

comma and of course before we move on

this is me asking you to subscribe and

like the video again because this is a

small Channel and we need to grow thank

you all right last thing is Fanboys so

if you have a comma and then a Fanboys

word which is for and nor but or yet so

um this is basically equivalent to like

a period or semicolon in some ways so

let's look at an example I wanted

something to eat so I looked in the

fridge if you can see there are two

independent clauses here I wanted

something to eat I looked in the fridge

so to combine them you can use a comma

and a fanboy word reading fiction is

beneficial it can make us more

empathetic the host borrowed dozens of

fing chairs there were not enough for

the guests we like the play story we

didn't care for it staging there has to

be a comma before the word so if you

just said I wanted something to eat so I

looked in the fridge that is not valid

because there's no comma and there might

be the Fanboys but there also has to be

the comma to make that sentence correct

so make sure you watch out for

that all right plurals and possessives

let's talk about apostrophes now so the

cow has a barn that's a singular cow and

it has a barn right so you could say the

cow's Barn the cow's Barn that's what an

apify does right it symbolizes a person

or thing that owns something else it's

the cow's barn now what if there were

two cows the cows have a field two cows

have a field how do you say that the

cows own that field the cows' field

right so in that in that sentence you

kind of heard like an extra s almost

that means means there's an apostrophe

after the S the cows the plural cows is

still there you add the apostrophe after

so the cows'

field symbolizes this symbolizes the

possession of the field belongs to

multiple

cows all right let's talk about its

um first of all its and then an

apostrophe at the end is just always

wrong that doesn't exist it's without

any apostrophes mean possessive again so

the bull has its food so the dog is the

its its food you wouldn't say the bowl

has it is food that's when you would use

the apostrophe right if you want to say

it is that's when you you do it

apostrophe s which is short for it is

it's near the bowl it is near the

bowl all right pronouns basically the

same thing um they're versus their

versus their so their ears are pink that

is a possessive the ears belong to the

cats right their ears are pink they

friends they are friends you wouldn't

say they're friends like I can't even

put t h r into that

like there's no possessive there it's

they are friends so you're shortening

their with they apostrophe re

e k kittens are over there um there like

kittens are over there refers to a like

a place or a location so that's a very

different kind of there it's like it's

over

there right so understand the

differences between these this is

definitely going to be a question on

your sat and it's free

points your versus your and who's versus

who's your again is a possession your

key isn't working the key belong to you

your key you're at the wrong door you

are at the wrong door this is like a

shorten this like a what's it called

like a nickname almost like U apostrophe

r e who's again it's possession whose

house is this who owns the house who

whose house is it but if it's who's

coming over who is coming over you're

shortening who is so understand that a

lot of the times apostrophes are

shortening or combining a r and an is

with another

word all right that's it for this video

I want you guys to comment down below

the answer to this bonus practice

question this is going to be difficult

but hopefully you guys can take a look

at this and try to figure it out um and

yeah thank you let me know how your SATs

go thanks for watching and click on this

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