So mitochondria are the powerhouse of

the cell as Tim just told us, educated

us, right? So every cell has hundreds of

mitochondria and mitochondria are what

are called organels. They have their own

DNA. In fact, evolutionarily

mitochondria were bacteria that

basically ended up in the symbiotic

relationship with what became our cells.

So we each have mitochondria, hundreds

of them in each one of our cells. Each

mitochondria has its own nucleus and has

its own DNA. And the mitochondria make

the energy that the rest of the cell

uses. That energy is called ATP. And it

eats up glucose or it eats up ketones if

you're in ketosis. And it uses that to

make the ATP. So every cell in our body

gets its energy, which is what it uses

to function from the mitochondria. And

so there's been a lot of research into

the relationship between mitochondria

and aging and that dysfunctional

mitochondria as they start to break down

and stop working and have damage may

actually be a key driver for many

diseases that we experience as humans

including many cancers, Alzheimer's,

Parkinson's, ALS, features of autism,

muscle tissues being weak, etc. So as

the cells get older and the mitochondria

stop working, we make new mitochondria.

But over time, the DNA degrades and the

mitochondria become less effective and

there are fewer functional mitochondria

per cell. The cell stops working right

and eventually the organism stops

working, right? Have you have you

learned anything about the connection of

creatine to mitochondrial health? It's

part of um some of the processes, but

there's some separate research on this,

but it's definitely worth spending time

on. People are crazy about hitting five

grams or 10 grams of becoming like a

trend. Yeah, I think it's Oh, yeah. I

know. Five grams. Yeah, something like

that. It's trending on Twitter. I think

it's kind of like a meme or a joke in

addition to being I don't I don't think

it's a joke. Is it is it But it does it

is there any science that backs that up

or not really for mitochondria? There

are questions on this like do you want

to focus on things that are increasing

biogenesis which is creation of new

mitochondria? Does that create a better

benefit on the creatine work? I've read

some of these papers. I actually tried

it for a while. I personally had a

allergy to it which is kind of rare but

happens but anyway we can talk about it

further. So so one of the key things was

um there were three papers that I wanted

to just highlight that kind of follow an

interesting theme. The first one was

from 2023 from WashU in St. Louis and

this paper, Nick, if you could just pull

up that image

of mitochondria being transferred. These

folks identified and demonstrated that

mitochondria can actually transfer from

one cell to another. So, if you've got a

cell that's got damaged or dysfunctional

mitochondria, they've identified three

mechanisms by which mitochondria can

move into a cell that needs more

mitochondria that are working and are

more functional. That's something that's

been theorized for a long time. People

have said, "Oh, well, we think

mitochondria transfer." But there wasn't

really evidence of this. So, as of two

years ago, these guys provided very good

evidence of mitochondria that we can now

put into cells. If it's floating around,

it can make its way into another cell

and as a result, it can rejuvenate or

provide energy to a dysfunctional cell

which might improve dysfunctional tissue

or improve disease. The second paper was

done um last month out of Columbia

University. And this was the first

mapping of the mitochondria in the human

brain. And so these folks created 703

tiny cubes of brain from a person that

passed away, a 54 year old donor. And

then they analyzed the mitochondria in

each of those cubes. And they used that

to make a map of mitochondria in the

brain. And what it showed was that

different parts of the brain, different

cells had different amounts of

mitochondria and different mitochondrial

function, which actually starts to

highlight how that difference in energy

production in different cells in

different parts of the brain may

actually cause some of the things like

memory loss or speech impairment or um

as we age, the fact that we end up

being, you know, kind of forgetful or

start to lose some of our capacity. that

the mitochondrial dysfunction in the

brain might actually be the key driver

of that aging um

symptomology. The third paper which just

came out came out of a team at Sha Jang

University in China. So what these guys

did which was really incredible is they

took stem cells. So stem cells that they

got out of human blood and they took

those stem cells and they figured out a

way to treat the stem cells that those

stem cells would start to make an excess

amount of mitochondria than they

normally would make. In fact they were

able to get those stem cells to make

854 times the number of mitochondria

that those cells would normally make.

And those mitochondria were on average

5.7 times more efficient at making

energy, ATP. So they created highly

energetic mitochondria and they made a

lot of them. And the idea that we can

put mitochondria into our body or into

tissue in our body to heal it or repair

it has been something that folks have

been trying to do research around for a

long time. But the limiting factor is

access to enough mitochondria. So this

mechanism that they developed where they

could take stem cells, make copies of

the stem cells, make lots of

mitochondria and then they isolate that

mitochondria and use it as a therapeutic

tool and they did it in cartilage that

was damaged and they were able to heal

that cartilage. So um this is a group

that does bone and and tissue repair

studies, but they applied the

mitochondria directly into the area

where there was damage to the bone and

the bone grew back and it actually

improved the healing in an incredible

way. So this this opens up the door to

this whole new therapeutic modality, a

new type of therapy called midotherapy

or mitochondrial therapy that based on

the series of papers that we're seeing

coming out recently, I believe could end

up becoming a really incredible um new

therapy that may ultimately lead to the

treatment for many diseases that we're

kind of dealing with right now. So, I

just wanted to kind of like this be uh

immediately applicable to say people

with sports injuries, you know,

meniscus, knees, ankles. You start to

think about those bones, spurs, chips

that basketball players, football

players go through. Would that this be

like the lowhanging fruit for this

technology? Yeah. I mean, what they did

this in and I think this was published

in a research magazine called Bone or

something. Bone and tissue or something.

Yeah. But they did I'll let my

subscription lapse. I got to thank for

reminding me. They did it in a in a

model a mouse model of osteoarthritis um

and it repaired this osteoarthritis. But

that's exactly right. And so that's

tissue where you can using a microscope

you can actually see the healing

happening. But you could see this being

applied for example uh to cerebral

spinal fluid where you can basically

increase the mitochondrial the energetic

mitochondrial production uh that finds

its way into maybe neuronal cells into

neurons in your brain and improves um uh

your brain function. or you could put it

into damaged hearts after heart attacks

and improve heart function. So there's

all these theories about how you could

use mootherapy as this becomes possible

to now produce lots of mitochondria and

use it as a therapy that can then be

applied to lots of disease states. So I

I I I think there's going to be a bit of

a blossoming of research in this area of

mitotherapy.